OSMOREGULATION / FEMALE GENITAL

Question 1

what is the core principle of osmoregulation

Answer 1

concentraton gradients across permeable membranes tend to diminish overtime via movement of water and other solutes (salts and other dissolved molecules)

Question 2

define hyperosmotic

Answer 2

if the solute concentration in the blood is higher than in sorrounding water

water seeps into body and solutes leak out of the body

Question 3

define hyposmotic

Answer 3

if the solute concentration in the blood is lower than in sorrounding water

water seeps out of the body and solute leaks into the body

Question 4

define isosmotic

Answer 4

if the solute concentration is the same as the surrounding water

water and solute concentration do nothing

Question 5

how do the water and solutes move

Answer 5

water moves according to the total solute concentration and solutes move according to the their individual concentratins

Question 6

what are isosmotic vertebrates called

Answer 6

osmoconformers

Question 7

how do isosmotic vertebrates work

simple

Answer 7

cocentration of solutes in body fluid is similar to that in salt water

requires that the body opperate with high solute levels

Question 8

explain hagfish as isosmotic verts

Answer 8

they have high levels of sodium and other ions

short nephric tubules

Question 9

explain chondrichthyans and coelacanths as isosmotic verts

Answer 9

high concentrations of urea (and other nitrogenous substances) retained in the blood

osmotic concentration of the body is increased without salts

urea tends to leak out of the body, and salts tend to leak in, but there is NO NET MOVEMENT OF WATER

Question 10

osmoregulation in most salt water fish

simple

Answer 10

body is hyposmotic to the environment

salts diffuse into body and water seeps out

Question 11

what type of kidneys do salt water fish have for hyposmotic regulation

Answer 11

aglomerular kidnets

Question 12

define aglomerular kidneys

Answer 12

lack glomeruli, bowmanns capsules. and distal parts of the nephric tubules (whhere the salt resorption occurs)

less filtrate enters the uriniferous tubules so urine w high solute is formed by the secretions into the tubules

Question 13

what do acessory structures do in hyposmotic salt water fish

Answer 13

help remove salt from the body in some marine fish and tetrapods

ex. gills and specific glands

Question 14

osmoregulation in fresh water fish

simple

Answer 14

hyperosmotic to environment

water seeps into tissues and salts leak otu

Question 15

how does osmoregulation work in hyperosmotic freshwater fish

Answer 15

large quantities of fluid pass from glomeruli to bowmans capsules

distal parts of tubules are well developed

lots of dilute urine produced

Question 16

why is the urine very dilute in fresh water fish

Answer 16

kidneys are primarily for water elimination rather than excretion

Question 17

osmoregulation on land simple

Answer 17

evaporation can lead to dehydration

3 groups

lissamplbians
reptiles
mammals

Question 18

explain lissamphibian osmoregulation on land

Answer 18

storage of urea, excretion in the water

Question 19

explain reptile osmoregulation on land

Answer 19

uric acid secretion with minimal water loss

Question 20

explain mammal osmoregulation on land

Answer 20

excretion of urea in concentrated urine because of LOH

Question 21

explain how LOH makes cocnentration urine in land mammals osmoregulation

Answer 21

sodium is actively pumped into the interstitial space around the loop of henle

hypermosmotic conditions establish outside the uriniferous tubules

water trains out of the uriniferous tubules by osmosis, leaves very conc urine

Question 22

what is urinary bladder simple

Answer 22

sac for storing urine that can expand/swell

Question 23

where is urine stored in most fish

Answer 23

in expanded ends of the urinary ducts that empty into the cloaca — cloaca is not a real urinary bladder

Question 24

where is urine stored in most tetrapods

Answer 24

in a true urinary bladder which develops as an outpouch of the cloaca

Question 25

how does urine flow in a tetrapod

Answer 25

urine goes from urinary ducts, through cloaca, into bladder, then out from bladder using cloaca

Question 26

where is urine stored in therian mammals

Answer 26

bladder

Question 27

how does urine flow in a therian mammal

Answer 27

ureter, bladder, urethra, out

Question 28

where is urine stored in reptiles and birds

Answer 28

lbladder is lost, it the urine or uric acid si stored in the cloaca until expulsion

Question 29

what is the most common type of repreoduction

Answer 29

sexual only a few lizards are parthenogenic

Question 30

what does genital system consist of

Answer 30

gonas (testes/ovaries) and ducts which produce gametes and hormones

Question 31

when does genital system appear in development

Answer 31

very late and the early gonads are indifferent

Question 32

how do paired gonads arise

Answer 32

from the genital ridge (a thickening of the splanchic mesoderm) , which then extends along the body medial to the nephric ridge, protruding down tot he coelem

Question 33

what are the primary sex cords

Answer 33

epithelium that covers the gonads the PGC travel from yolk sac to sex cords

Question 34

what are the primordial germ cells

Answer 34

undifferntialed stem cell that will become wither spermazoa or oocyte

Question 35

are ovaries usually paired of single

Answer 35

usually paired BUT 1 median ovary in cyclostomes and some teleosts 1 functional ovary in most birds, some chondrichtyans and non avian reptiles and mammals

Question 36

how are the ovaries bound to the body wall

Answer 36

by mesentary called the mesovarium

Question 37

where do ova form

Answer 37

ova (eggs) form in the follicles on the outer part of the ovary

Question 38

what is another name for oviducts

Answer 38

mullerian ducts

Question 39

what is the ostium

Answer 39

duct entrance flares into the infundibulum and margians the finbriae to embrace the ovary

Question 40

how does ova enter the ostium from the ovary

Answer 40

using cilia on the infundibulum to help move the egg through the ostium into the oviduct

Question 41

pathway for ova

Answer 41

infundibulum ostium ovary

Question 42

what is uterus

Answer 42

expansion of the posterior end of the ovidcut and it stores eggs and houses developing embryo

Question 43

what muscle is on uterus wall

Answer 43

smooth

Question 44

what is shell gland

Answer 44

special region of oviduct that adds external coat to ovum after fertilzation in reptiles the coat contains albuen (egg whiye), shell membrane and a calcareous or leathery shell

Question 45

what type of fertil. would u find shell gland in

Answer 45

internal because it would block sperm for external

Question 46

female genital system in cyclostomes (non bony fish) simple

Answer 46

external fertilzation eggs shed into the coelem then exit the body through either cloaca (hagfish) or genital pres lamprey)

Question 47

how many eggs lamprey produce and what type of fisha re they

Answer 47

over 200k non bony fish

Question 48

female genital system in condrichthyans (non biny fish)

Answer 48

internal fert eggs pass through infundibulum to the shell gland, then the isthmus to the uterus in ovuparous - shell gland adds albumen and egg case in vivaparous - yolk sac might form placaenta or the crnivourus

Question 49

oviparous

Answer 49

uses eggs

Question 50

viviaporous

Answer 50

birth to live young

Question 51

what fert in female genital system of bony fish

Answer 51

external fertilization - the unfert eggs exit through genital pores, seprate from the anus

Question 52

female gential in non teleost (bony fish)

Answer 52

oviduct transports the eggs to the exterior

Question 53

female genital in teleost (bony fish)

Answer 53

most oviduc rgeresses and new short ovarian duct forms fromt he infolding genital ridge, continuous with the lumen of the ovary

Question 54

female genital system reptiles and lissamphib (tetrapods)

Answer 54

oviduct transports eggs to exterior (internal fert except in anurans) viviparity in a few caecilians, lissamph or squatmes caecilians that are vivaparous may have secretion that nourish fetus shell gland prominent in most reptiles, uterus may be expended or inditinct

Question 55

female genital in monotremes (playpus or echindnas) tetrapod

Answer 55

oviparous - small leathery eggs cloaca partly divided into anus and urogenitual sinus

Question 56

female genital in marsupials (opossums and kangaroos) tetrapod

Answer 56

two uteri - one per ovidcut cloaca present but is more preominently divded thn in monotremes