Osseous tissue

Question 1

what are the six functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

1. support
2. protection
3. assist movement
4. mineral homeostasis
5. blood cell production
6. triglycerude storage

Question 2

what is hemopoiesis?

Answer 2

the production of blood cells and platelets

Question 3

where does hemopoiesis occur?

Answer 3

in the bone marrow

Question 4

what are the 2 types of bone marrow?

Answer 4

red and yellow

Question 5

what does red bone marrow do?

Answer 5

produces RBC ,WBC and platelets

Question 6

where is red bone marrow found?

Answer 6

in flat bones, vertebrae, and trabecular bone of femur and humerus

Question 7

what does yellow bone marrow do?

Answer 7

stores fat

Question 8

where is yellow bone marrow found?

Answer 8

in trabecular bone (not in prox. femur an humerus)
in the medullary cavity of long bones

Question 9

what are the 4 types of cells in bone tissue?

Answer 9

1. osteoprogenitor
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts

Question 10

what are osteoprogenitors?

Answer 10

stem cells that produce osteoblasts

Question 11

what are osteoblasts

Answer 11

the cells that build up the bone

Question 12

what are osteocytes

Answer 12

mature bone cells

Question 13

what are osteclasts

Answer 13

cells that break down the bone

Question 14

what are the 2 types of bone tissue?

Answer 14

cortical and trabecular

Question 15

what is cortical bone composed of (system)

Answer 15

osteons or haversian systems

Question 16

what is an osteon

Answer 16

tube-like structures that run parallel to the long axis

Question 17

what can change the organization of osteons?

Answer 17

weight training and fractures

Question 18

what are trabeculae?

Answer 18

the small struts or rods that make up trabecular bone tissue

Question 19

how are the trabeculae aligned

Answer 19

exactly with lines of stress

Question 20

what is in the spaces of trabecular tissue?

Answer 20

refd and yellow bone marrow

Question 21

what are the 5 bone shapes?

Answer 21

1. long
2. short
3. flat
4. irregular
5. sesamoid

Question 22

what are the UE long bones?

Answer 22

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 23

what are the LE long bones

Answer 23

femur, tibua, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 24

what are the sections of a long bone

Answer 24

epiphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis

Question 25

what is on the end of long bones?

Answer 25

articular cartilage (hyaline)

Question 26

what conntiss surrounds the diaphysis

Answer 26

periosteum

Question 27

what is the space inside a long bone called

Answer 27

the medullary cavity

Question 28

what is the membrane that lines the medullary cavoty

Answer 28

endosteum

Question 29

what are the short bones in the UE/LE?

Answer 29

carpals and tarsals

Question 30

what bones are a part for the skull cap

Answer 30

frontal, parietal, occipital

Question 31

what are the flat bones in the trunk

Answer 31

sternum, scapula, ribs, ilium

Question 32

what is the structure of flat bones

Answer 32

2 parallel plates of cortical bone, with trabeculae bone in the middle

Question 33

what 2 things are flat bones good at

Answer 33

forming blood cells muscle attachment to the broad surfaces

Question 34

what are the irregular bones in the body

Answer 34

vertbrae, facial bones

Question 35

what are 3 sesamoid bones

Answer 35

patella, inferior great toe, thumb

Question 36

what is ossification or osteogenesis?

Answer 36

bone formation

Question 37

what are the 4 occurences of osteogenesis

Answer 37

1. initial formation in fetus 2. growth during infancy and adolescents 3. remodelling of old bone with new 4. repair of fractures

Question 38

what are the 2 methods of bone formation

Answer 38

intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification

Question 39

when (where) is intramembranous ossification used?

Answer 39

in the flat bones of the skull and face, medial ends of the clavicles

Question 40

when (where) is endochondrial ossification used?

Answer 40

replacement of cartilage with bone

Question 41

what process allows bones to increase in length, and repair fractures

Answer 41

endochondral ossification

Question 42

what are the 2 processes for bone growth in length?

Answer 42

1. interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate 2. replacement on cartilage with bone on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate (aka endochondral ossification)

Question 43

what is a salter-harris fracture?

Answer 43

a fracture to the physis (growth plate)

Question 44

as bones grow in length, what gets replaced?

Answer 44

new chrondocytes replace older ones destroyed by calcification on the epiphyseal side

Question 45

what is appositional growth?

Answer 45

how osteoblasts and osteoclasts build/break bone to widen them

Question 46

what is apophysis?

Answer 46

normal outgrowth of a bone, separate from an ossifcation centre forms insertion points for ligaments and tendons

Question 47

what 2 processes does bone remodeling consist of?

Answer 47

bone resorption and bone deposition

Question 48

what 4 factors affect bone remodeling

Answer 48

exercise, minerals, vitamins, hormones

Question 49

which minerals affect bone remodelling

Answer 49

calcium and phosphorus

Question 50

which vitamins affect bone remodelling

Answer 50

A, C, K, D, B12

Question 51

what does vit A do

Answer 51

stimulates activity of osteoblasts

Question 52

what does vitamin C do

Answer 52

synthesis of collagen

Question 53

what does vitamin D do

Answer 53

increases calcium absorption

Question 54

what do vitamins K and B12 do

Answer 54

synthesize bone proteins

Question 55

which (4) hormones affect bone growth

Answer 55

thyroid, HGH, estro, testo

Question 56

when in life is more bone produced than lost during remodeling

Answer 56

birth to adolescence

Question 57

when does osteoporosis occur?

Answer 57

when resorption is greater than deposition

Question 58

what are the 3 phases of a bone fracture

Answer 58

1. reactive -inflammatory 2. reparative -fibrocartaliginous callus first and bony callus second 3. remodeling - bony callus is remodeled

Question 59

why is bone so important to calcium homeostasis?

Answer 59

bone buffers the calcium ion concentration

Question 60

which hormone increases Ca levels?

Answer 60

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 61

which hormone reduces Ca

Answer 61

calcitonin causes Ca to de deposited into bone

Question 62

process

Answer 62

projection or bump

Question 63

ramus

Answer 63

curved bone

Question 64

trochanter

Answer 64

large, rough projection (only in femur)

Question 65

tuberosity

Answer 65

small, rough projection

Question 66

tubercle

Answer 66

small, rounded projection

Question 67

crest

Answer 67

prominent ridge for muscle attachement

Question 68

line

Answer 68

low ridge of bone, smaller than a crest

Question 69

spine

Answer 69

sharp, slender, pointed process

Question 70

head

Answer 70

rounded articular end of an epiphyses, separated from shaft by the neck

Question 71

neck

Answer 71

connection between the head and diaphysis

Question 72

condyle

Answer 72

smooth, large, round, articular process that forms a joint

Question 73

facet

Answer 73

smooth, flat articular surface

Question 74

epicondyle

Answer 74

roughened projection above condyle for tendon or ligament attachment

Question 75

protuberance

Answer 75

projecting part or prominence

Question 76

coracoid or coronoid

Answer 76

beak-like process

Question 77

fissure

Answer 77

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through blood vessels or nerves pass

Question 78

sulcus

Answer 78

furrow along bone that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, or tendons

Question 79

fossa

Answer 79

shallow depression in or on a bone

Question 80

foramen

Answer 80

rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

Question 81

canal

Answer 81

large passageway through bone

Question 82

sinus

Answer 82

cavity within a bone