vertebrae and bony thorax Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
what are zygapophyseal joints
A
the joints that pair adjacent vertebrae in the spine
2
Q
what is the atlas vertebrae
A
C1
3
Q
what does C1 lack
A
a body and spinous process
4
Q
what is the anterior arch of C1
A
articulations for the odontoid process
5
Q
how many arches does C1 have
A
- anterior and posterior
5
Q
what vertebrae is called the axis
A
C2
5
Q
what is another word for the lateral masses of C1
A
articular pillars
6
Q
the atlanto-occipital joint allows what movement
A
nodding yes
6
Q
what is the lower joint of the atlas
A
atlanto-axial joint
7
Q
what is the dens
A
the odontoid process of C2
8
Q
what is special about C2’s spinous process
A
it is very blunt
9
Q
which vertebrae are bifid
A
C2-C6
10
Q
what action does the atlanto-axial joint permit
A
shaking head no
11
Q
in an open mouth odontoid view, what should line up
A
the width of the lateral masses of C1 and C2
12
Q
what is a Jeffersons fracture
A
having the width of the lateral masses of C1 wider than C2
axial load right at top of head (like head into boards, diving in shallow end)
12
Q
which vertebra is the vertebra prominens
A
C7
13
Q
describe the spinous process of C7
A
long, non bifid
13
Q
why is C7 a useful landmark
A
we know that it is the end of the cervical vertebrae
we know that all of the thoracic cage is in the light
14
Q
which thoracic vertebrae resemble the lumbar vertebrae
A
T9-T12
15
Q
which thoracic vertebrae resemble the cervical
A
T1-T4
16
Q
describe spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae
A
long and project inferiorly
17
Q
which vertebrae have the largest spinous processes
A
thoracic
17
Q
where are the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
A
at the junction of the pedicle and lamina
18
Q
what is a costovertebral joint
A
the joints that join the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs
18
what is the costotransverse joint
tubercle articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae
18
what is a whole facet
if the rib only articulates with 1 body
18
what is a major distinguishing factor of the thoracic vertebrae
the articular facets
19
what is a demi facet
when the rib head articulates with 2 vertebral bodies
20
what facet does T1 have on the superior border
whole facet
21
what facet does T9 have on the inferior border
none
22
where do the costotransverse joint only exist
T1-T10
NOT T11 AND T12
22
what are costotransverse joint
Tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse process of vertebra
23
describe all articulations of the 7th rib (3pts)
costotransverse - tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process of T7
head of rib 7 articulates with the superior demifacet on T7 and the inferior demifacet on T6
23
when are the intervertebral foramina demonstrated
on a true lateral
23
at what angle are the zygapophyseal joints
15-20
24
how are lateral named for the axial region
with the side close to IR
24
how (position) to demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joint
LAO with 75 degree
24
an LPO 75 degree oblique demonstrates what
the right zygapophyseal joint
25
which vertebrae has the largest bodies
lumbar
specifically L5
25
if the inferior lumbar vertebrae is smaller than the superior, what does it demonstrate
a compression fracture
26
which side of the lumbar vertebrae is bigger
anterior
27
describe the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae
thick, blunt, and project horizontally
27
the lumbar vertebral bodies are (concave/convex) (anteriorly/laterally)
concave anteriorly AND laterally
28
where does the spinal cord end
at the disc space between L1 and L2 in an ADULT patient
29
does the spinal cord go all the way down to L5?
no, it ends between L1 and L2
29
what are the functions of the vertebral column (5)
forms the trunk
provides flexible movement
encloses and protects spinal cord
supports the head
provides attachment for ribs, pelvis, back muscles
29
how many vertebrae do fetuses haves
33
30
how many vertebrae do adults have
26
31
what vertebrae fuse from fetal to adult
5 sacral to 1 sacrum
4 coccygeal to 1 coccyx
31
when are the lateral curves of the spine developed
a fetus has 1 curve
at 3 months, infants hold their head, so develop cervical curve
when infant sits up/walks develops the lumbar curve
31
what part of the vertebral arch connects to the vertebral body
the pedegal
32
what forms the zygapophyseal joints in the spine
superior process of the one below and the inferior process of the one above
33
what is the normal curve called in the lumbar spine of the adult patient
lordotic curve (not lordosis)
34
what opening does the spinal cord pass through as it descends through vertebrae
the vertebral foramina
35
how do you represent the left cervical vertebrae
RPO of 45 degrees with a 15 degree cephalad angle
OR, LAO of 45 degrees with a 15 degree caudad angle
36
what would represent
37
what would
38
what specific part of C1 articulates with the odontoid process
the anterior arch
39
what does the head of the 4th rib articulates with
superior demifacet of the 4th thoracic vertebrae and the inferior demifacet of the 3rd vertebrae
40
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what does the tubercle of the fourth rib articulates with
the transverse process of the 4th thoracic vertebrae
42
what is the parts interarticularis
part of the lamina located between the superior and inferior articular processes
42
what is different about the lumbar spine's articular process
they project more medially (anteriorly)
43
what is spondylolysis
a fracture in the pars interarticularis
43
why is the pars articularis clinicaly significant
spond
44
what is spondylolithesis
bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis cause the vertebrae to slip forward onto the next
44
what makes up the ear of a Scotty dog
superior articular process
45
what makes up the front leg of a Scotty dog
inferior articular process
46
what makes up the eye of a Scotty dog
pedicle
47
what makes up the neck of a Scotty dog
pars interarticularis
48
what makes up the body of a Scotty dog
the lamina
49
which way will the scotty dog face
the same direction as the patient
it will also demonstrate that side
ie. LAO, Dems left side
50
what does the LPO/RAO scotty dog demonstrate
the LEFT pars articularis
the LEFT zygapophyseal joint
51
what makes someone have issues with sondylolysis
excessive and violent twisting
ie. figure skaters
52
what is the pathology
spondylolysthesis
53
what forms the intervertebral foramen
formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notch
54
what projection allows the intervertebral foramina in the T and L spines
true lateral
55
on what angle is the zygapophyseal joint
45 degrees from midline
56
how to demonstrate the right zygapophyseal or facet joints
RPO, LAO
57
RPO/LAO demonstrates what
RIGHT zygapophyseal joint
RIGHT facet joint
RIGHT pars interarticularis
58
what vertebrae is this
C3-C6
- transverse foramen (is C)
- bifid spinous process (is C)
- doesn't have a dens (not C2)
- tranverse process is at junction of pedicle and the body
- smaller vertebral body, larger vertebral foramen
59
what vertebrae is this
thoracic
- has facets for rib attachment ( has to be 1-10)
- spinous processes are blunt, slope anteriorly
- smaller vertebral body (to L)
- superior articular process is angled more upwards
60
what vertebrae is this
lumbar
- huge vertebral body
- superior articular process is angled very inwards
61
what shape is the sacrum
triangular
concave interiorly
62
how many vertebrae is the sacrum?
5 fused
63
who has a greater curve of the sacrum
females
64
can you do a PA sacrum
no!
must put CR into the curve, to get diverging beam to compensate for the curve
65
where is the Ala of the sacrum
on the superior part
66
what articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum
what does it form
the auricular surface of the ilium
the SI joint
67
what is the sacral promontory
makes up the posterior part of the pelvis brim / inlet
68
where is the sacral canal
between the superior articular processes of the sacrum
69
which side of the SI joint is more medial
posterior
70
how many pairs of sacral foramina are there
4
71
what forms the median and lateral sacral crests
median- fused spinous processes
lateral- fused tranverse processes
72
what is the sacral hiatus
73
what are the sacral cornu
74
what passes through the scral canal
spinal nerves (NOT spinal cord)
caudad aquina (horse's tail)
75
what shape is the coccyx
triangular
76
when does the coccyx fuse
20-30
77
what does the base of the coccyx articulate with
sacrum
78
what level does the tip of the coccyx end at
the greater trochanters
79
how do you determine (landmark) if you did a good lateral of the sacrum and coccyx
the greater sciatic notch
80
what makes up the thoracic cage
thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum
81
what type of bone is the sternum
so it contains what
flat bone
red bone marrow
82
what are the 3 parts of the sternum
83
when do the segments of the sternum fuse (generally)
84
where is the jugular notch
disc space between T2 and T3
85
86
where on the manubrium is the clavicular notch
superior lateral border
87
what is special about the SC joint
only the inferior half of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
88
what is the vertebral level of the sternal angle
T4/T5
89
where does the 1st rib attach
just below the SC joint
90
what is the sternal angle made up of
junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum
91
what rib attaches to the sternal angle
2nd rib
92
what is the landmark for the start of the aortic arch
T4/T5
93
which ribs attach directly to the body of the sternum
3-7
94
how do you ask a patient where their xiphoid process is
show me where your ribs meet up
95
what is T10 a landmark for (3)
xiphoid process
bottom of the heart
diaphragm (sup/ant part)
96
what does the loopy wires in the sternal body mean
open heart surgery occured
97
how many ribs are there
12 pairs
98
what landmark is close to the first rib
vertebra prominens (around C7)
99
where is the costal groove
costal groove runs along the inferior surface of the rib
100
what NEEDS to be counted in a PA projection to asses for a full inspiration
able to count 10 posterior ribs over the diaphragm on the left side
100
the anterior part is hpw many inches inferior to the vertebral part
3-5
101
where is the widest portion of the thorax
the inferior part
101
what passes through the costal groove
arteries, veins, and nerve travels through
101
the anterior part of the rib is attached to what
costocartilage
102
what position is used for a PA chest
facing detector, arms internally rotated, shoulders rolled all the way forward
102
why is the right diaphragm a bit higher
the liver pushes in up a little
102
what does the vertebral head of the rib articulates with
102
what are the true ribs
1-7
102
why are 1-7 true ribs
they attach directly to the sternum via its costocartilage
102
do all true ribs attach to the body of the sternum?
no, all except 1 and 2
103
what does the first rib attach to
the manibrium
103
what does the second rib attach to
the sternal angle
104
104
what makes ribs 11 and 12 floating ribs
they do not attach to anything anteriorly
104
why do we have floating ribs
to protect the kidneys
104
what are the floating ribs
11 and 12
105
what are the false ribs
8-12
105
what happens to the anterior 10th rib
attaches to the costocartilage of the 7th rib
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