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ANATOMY > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

Bones of the back

A
  1. Cervical vertebrae (CI-CVII)
  2. Thoracic vertebrae (TI-TXII)
  3. Lumbar vertebrae (LI-LV)
  4. Sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae I-V)
  5. Coccyx (3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae I-IV)
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2
Q

Bone

A
  1. Consists of cells, fibers,matrix
  2. Protectivefunction
  3. Serves as a lever
  4. Storage of calcium ions
  5. Houses blood-forming marrow
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3
Q

WOLFF’S LAW

A

-Bone grows and remodels in response to the forces that are place upon it in a healthy person (placing specific stress)

FORMS: COMPACT and CANCELLOUS

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4
Q

Long bones

A

Found in the limbs

E.g. humerus, femur, tibia ulna

Composed of cancellous (ends) surrounded by thin layer of compact bone

Articular surfaces at the ends - hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Short bones

A

metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

found in the vault of the skull (frontal and parietal)

E.g. ilium

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7
Q

Irregular bones

A

Composed of a thin shell of compact bone w interior made of cancellous

E.g. vertebra

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8
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Patella (largest); reduce friction on the tendon

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9
Q

Membranous

A

Bone is developed directly from a CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE

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10
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

A CARTILAGINOUS MODEL (hyaline cartilage) is first laid down and is later replaced by bone

Allow long bones to growth in length

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11
Q

Hyaline cartilage is present in

A
  1. Articular- end of long bones (epiphyseal)
  2. Costal- connects ribs to sternum
  3. Respiratory- makes up larynx, reinforces air passages
  4. Nasal- supports nose
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12
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers

Found in external ear and epiglottis

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13
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-highly compressed with great tensile strength
-contains collagen fibers (limited amt. cells & ground substances)

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14
Q

Function of skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of minerals
  3. Storage of lipids
  4. Blood cell production
  5. Protection
  6. Leverage (force of motion)
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15
Q

Canaliculi

A

Forms pathways for blood vessels; exchange nutrients and wastes

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16
Q

Bone matrix

A

2/3 of bone matrix is calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2

Reacts w calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 to form crystal of hydroxyapetite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 w/ch incorporates other calcium salts and ions

1/3 collagen fibers

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17
Q

Intramembranous ossification develops from a

A

FIBROUS MEMBRANE

-Essential process during the natural healing of bone structures

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18
Q

[formation of woven/primary bone]

The process of intramembranous ossification starts when

A

A small group of adjacent MSCs (within medullary/marrow cavity) begin to replicate and form a nidus—>osteoprogenitor cell—>osteoblasts—>then blasts create an extracellular matrix containing Type 1 collagen fibrils (osteoid)—>osteoblasts incorporte w osteoids—>osteocytes

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19
Q

Primary center of ossification (lamellar/secondary bone)

A

The area where bone growth occurs between the periosteum and the bone —> osteogenic cells (orig. periosteum) increase appositional growth and a bone collar is formed —> mineralized & lamellar bone is formed

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20
Q

Osteoclasts (bone resorption)

A

Found lining in endosteum lining of the marrow cavity; derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

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21
Q

How can bone homeostasis occur?

A

Bone FORMATION (osteoblasts and osteocytes) and bone RESORPTION (destruction of bone tissue) (osteoclasts) MUST BE BALANCED

-exercise causes osteocytes to build bone

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22
Q

Osteon

A

Basic structural unit of mature compact bone

-are osteocytes arranged in concentric lamella around a central canal containing blood vessels

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23
Q

Lamella

A

Weight bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

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24
Q

Types of Lamellae (3)

A
  1. Concentric lamellae
  2. Circumferential lamellae- wrapped wound the long bone; binds inner osteons together
  3. Interstitial lamellae- found between osteons that have been partially digested and remodeled by osteoclast/osteoblast activity
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25
Q

Spongy bone (Trabecular bone)

A

-most in short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones & the head of long bones (epiphyis)

E.g. proximal femur

-also found in the narrow rim around the marrow cavity of the diaphysis

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26
Q

Characteristic of spongy bone

A

-no osteons
-matrix forms an open network of trabeculae
-trabeculae have no blood vessels

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27
Q

Bone marrow

A

Found in intramedullary cavity

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28
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat (STARTS TO APPEAR AT 7 YR OLD)

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29
Q

Red bone marrow

A

supplies nutrients to osteocytes in trabeculae (forms RBC &WBC)

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30
Q

Location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) in infants

A

Medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone

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31
Q

Location of hematopoietic tissue in adults

A

Diploe of flat bones, head of femur and humerus

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32
Q

Periosteum

A

Double layered protective membrane covers all bones EXCEPT parts enclosed in joint capsules (shoulder and hip)

-source of growth in rib esp. in children in w/ch is thicker than in adults

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33
Q

Collagen fibers of the outer fibrous layer of periosteum, connecting with collagen fibers in bone

A

Sharpey’s (perforating) fibers

34
Q

The Sharpey’s fibers connect with

A

Collagen fibers in bone, fibers in joint capsules, attached tendons & ligaments

35
Q

Functions of periosteum

A
  1. Isolate bone from surrounding tissues
  2. Provide a route for circulatory & nerve supply
  3. Participate in bone growth and repair
36
Q

Endosteum contains

A

Osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts

37
Q

Endosteum lines the

A

Incomplete cellular layer; lines the marrow cavity; covers the trabeculae of spongy bone; lines the central canal

Active in bone growth and repair

38
Q

Osteogenesis is the process of

A

Bone formation

39
Q

Ossification is the process of

A

replacing other tissues w bone

40
Q

Calcification

A

Process of depositing calcium salts

-occurs during bone ossification and in other tissues

41
Q

Formation of the bony skeleton begins at

A

8 week of embryo development

42
Q

Fibrocartilage is found in the

A

MENISCI OF THE KNEE and in INVERTEBRAL DISCS

43
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs in the

A

DERMIS (also called dermal ossification)

44
Q

Intramembranous ossification produces and forms the

A

Produces dermal bones such as mandible and clavicle

Forms most of the FLAT BONES of the skull & clavicles

45
Q

Endochondral Ossification begins in the

A

2nd month of development

46
Q

List the fetal primary ossification centers

A

-parietal, occipital, frontal bone of the skull

-Mandible
-Clavicle
-scapula
-ribs
-vertebra
-ilium
-femur
-tibia
-humerus
-radius
-ulna

47
Q

Stage 1 of endochondral ossification

A

Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model

48
Q

Stage 2 of E.O.

A

Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage

49
Q

Stage 3 of E.O.

A

Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation

50
Q

Stage 4 of E.O.

A

Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of SECONDARY ossification center in the EPIPHYSES in prep for stage 5

51
Q

Stage 5 of E.O.

A

ELONGATION Ossification of the epiphyses; when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

52
Q

What are the remodeling units?

A

Adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periosteal & endosteal surfaces

53
Q

Wolff’s law observations

A
  1. Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft (bending stress is great)
  2. Curved bones are thickest (most likely to buckle)
  3. Trabeculae form along lines of stress (proximal femur)
  4. Large bony projections occur where heavy active muscles attach (adductor tubercles, medial part of distal femur)
54
Q

The increase in the mobility and potential size of the pelvis during childbirth is due to

A

Estrogen, Testosterone, Relaxin

55
Q

During infancy and childhood, epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by

A

GROWTH HORMONE

56
Q

During puberty, testosterone and estrogens initially promote

A

ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURTS

Later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending long bone growth

57
Q

Type of cartilage which provides support, flexibility, resilience and usually found in the ends of long bone

A

Hyaline cartilage

58
Q

Type of collagen found in bone

A

Type 1

59
Q

Type of cartilage growth wherein the cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the face of existing cartilage

A

Appositional

60
Q

Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen becomes calcified later

A

OSTEOID

61
Q

MSCs that divide to produce osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

62
Q

Sites of bone resorption where ruffled border meets bone surface

A

Howship’s lacunae

63
Q

How are osteoclasts formed?

A

Monocyte progenitors fuse together to form mature multinuclear cells

64
Q

System of lacunar networks used among osteocytes to communicate

A

Canaliculi (??)

65
Q

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into

A

Osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, adipocytes

66
Q

This zone is characterized by proliferation of chondrocytes w/ longitudinal growth stacking of chondrocytes

A

Proliferative zone

67
Q

Region of the physis that collagen type X play a prominent role

A

Hypertrophic zone

68
Q

The red marrow is composed of

A

40% fat (??)

69
Q

When does bone appear?

A

7th embryonic week

70
Q

Type of collagen predominantly present in elastic cartilage

A

Type 2

71
Q

Area between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet

A

Pelvic cavity

72
Q

The typical female pelvis present in about 41% of women

A

Gynecoid

73
Q

It is the male or funnel shaped pelvis w/ a contracted outlet. Present in about 33% of white females and 16% of Black females

A

Android type

74
Q

Long, narrow, oval shaped pelvis present in about 24% of white females and 41% of black females.

A

Anthropoid

75
Q

Wide pelvis flattened at the brim, with the promontory of the sacrum pushed forward.

A

Platypelloid type

76
Q

The two hip bones articulate with each other anteriorly at the

A

Symphysis pubis

77
Q

The two hip bones articulate posteriorly with the sacrum at the

A

Sacroiliac joints

78
Q

The pelvic brim is formed behind by the

A

Sacral promontory (anterior and upper margin of the first sacral vertebra)

79
Q

Pelvic brim, laterally by the

A

Iliopectineal lines (line that runs downward and forward around the inner surface of the ileum)

80
Q

Pelvic brim, anteriorly by the

A

symphysis pubis (Joint between bodies of pubic bones)

ANATOMY (6 decks)

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