Osteology- Intro

Question 1

what are the four tissues of the human body

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

Question 2

what is osteology

Answer 2

the study of bone

Question 3

what are the three primary cell types of bone

Answer 3

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 4

what is the function of each type of bone cell

Answer 4

osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast- remodel bone

Question 5

what are the bone cells embedded in

Answer 5

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 6

what is the primary constituent of the ground substance

Answer 6

glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone

Answer 7

condroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid

Question 8

what is the principal type of protein fiber in bone

Answer 8

collagen type 1

Question 9

what the primary constituents of the bone mineral

Answer 9

calcium, phosphate, citrate & carbonate ions

Question 10

what is the most frequently described deposit in bone

Answer 10

bydroxyapatite

Question 11

bone is also the repository for what additional ions

Answer 11

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium

Question 12

what is Wolff’s law as it pertains to bone

Answer 12

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

Question 13

what are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”

Answer 13

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

Question 14

what is bone the embryological derivative of

Answer 14

mesenchyme or cartilage

Question 15

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme

Answer 15

intramembranous ossification

Question 16

what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification

Answer 16

from the second to third month in utero

Question 17

what bones are derived from intramembranous ossification

Answer 17

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 18

which bones of the neurocranium are formed by ossification

Answer 18

frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 19

which bones of the splanchnocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification

Answer 19

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla & part of the mandible

Question 20

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage

Answer 20

endochondral ossification

Question 21

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage

Answer 21

from teh second to fifth month in utero

Question 22

what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification

Answer 22

chondrocranium

Question 23

what bones are formed from the chondrocranium

Answer 23

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

Question 24

which bones of the splanchnocranium are derived from cartilage

Answer 24

the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible

Question 25

which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage

Answer 25

the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

Question 26

which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification

Answer 26

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

Question 27

which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification

Answer 27

clavicle

Question 28

what are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance

Answer 28

primary centers and secondary centers of ossification

Question 29

what isthe time appearance of primary center of ossification

Answer 29

before birth

Question 30

what is the time of appearance of a secondary center of ossification

Answer 30

after birth

Question 31

mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density

Answer 31

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecullar bone

Question 32

what is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface

Answer 32

subchondral bone

Question 33

what is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone

Answer 33

the periosteum

Question 34

what is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone

Answer 34

the endosteum

Question 35

what are the primary sources of variation observed in bone

Answer 35

gender variation (sexual dimorphism), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population- based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 36

what is the name give to the type of variation that is unique to an individual

Answer 36

idiosyncratic variation