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1
Q

what are the 9 GDC principles

A

put patients interests first
communicate effectively
Maintain and protect patient information
have a clear and effective complaints procedure
work with colleagues in way that benefits patients
maintain, develop and work within knowledge and skills
raise concerns if patient at risk
behaviour maintains confidence in pt confidence in you and profession

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2
Q

why is calcium hydroxide used for pulp caps

A

high pH - decreases microbial load
forms calcific barrier

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3
Q

what wire for flexible splint

A

0.4mm SS wire, bonded with composite

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4
Q

discuss the viability of PDL cells after avulsion

A

replanted within 15 mins - viable
tooth stored then replanted within 60 mins - viable but compromised
EADT>60mins - non viable

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5
Q

discuss what should be done at avulsion injury site

A

keep patient calm
replant tooth - if dirty rinse with saline or milk then replant, only hold tooth by crown
get patient to bite on gauze or tissue to hold in place

if replantation not possible store in milk or saliva asap

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6
Q

treatment of a closed apex avulsion

A

clean socket or replantation area with saline
administer LA without vasoconstrictor
replant tooth or reposition if required
stabilise tooth for 2 weeks with flexible splint
initiate RCT within 2 weeks

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7
Q

treatment of open apex avulsion

A

clean socket or replantation area with saline
administer LA without vasoconstrictor
replant tooth or reposition if required
stabilise tooth for 2 weeks with flexible splint
pulp revascularisation and continued root development is the goal - monitor tooth for signs of external inflammatory RR

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8
Q

pt instructions after avulsion (4)

A

avoid contact sports
soft diet for 2 weeks
brush teeth with soft brush after every meal
use CHX 0.2% 2x daily for 2 weeks

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9
Q

what degree of taper should cores have

A

6 degrees

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10
Q

methods of post removal (4)

A

masseran kit
eggler device
sliding hammer
mosquito forceps (screw)
ultrasonic

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11
Q

4 risks of post removal

A

root fracture
cant remove post
tooth rendered unrestorable
post breaks

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12
Q

name 1 ester and 3 amide LAs

A

ester - benzocaine
amide - articaine, lidocaine, prilocaine

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13
Q

what is included within a LA preparation (4)

A

base hydrochloride e.g lidocaine HCl
reducing agent
preservative
(vasoconstrictor)

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14
Q

2 components in alginate

A

calcium phosphate
sodium alginate

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15
Q

why does alginate have poor dimensional stability

A

syneresis and imbibition of water

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16
Q

amalgam cavity preparations for proximal restorations

A

self retentive box
proximo-occlusal prep

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17
Q

discuss the phases of amalgam

A

gamma - silver and tin - good strength and corrosion resistance
gamma 1 - mercury and silver - good corrosion resistance, holds material together
gamma 2 - mercury and tin - poor strength and corrosion resistance

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18
Q

why was zinc added to amalgams and why is it no longer used

A

was added to act as scavenger and preferentially react with oxygen
removed as reacted with water to form hydrogen bubbles

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19
Q

why are modern amalgams copper enriched

A

higher early strength, less creep, greater corrosion resistance, better durability of margins

single composition contains at least 12 % copper

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19
Q

name an example of a low weight dimethacrylate

A

TEGDMA

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20
Q

clock positions in chariside assistance

A

7-11 - operating
11-2 - static
2-4 - nurse
4-7 - transfer

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21
Q

name 5 benefits of aspiration and retraction

A

patient safety
patient comfort
maximum illumination
good visualisation

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22
Q

name 5 things that can be used for retraction

A

cheek retractor
aspirator
3 in 1 syringe
mirror
tongue depressor
cotton wool rolls

23
Q

what is the ideal operating seating position

A

balanced position

24
Q

name 4 components of the balanced seating position

A
  • 90 degree angle at hip and knee
  • thighs parallel to floor
    -relaxed shoulders
  • feet flat on floor for stability
25
Q

what height should the nurse be at

A

2-4 inches higher than dentist

26
Q

modifying factors in attrition (4)

A

stress
in combo with abrasion or erosion
malocclusion
lack of posterior support

27
Q

contraindications to DAhl technique (4)

A

implants
active perio
bisphosphonates
TMJD

28
Q

discuss the dahl concept (3)

A

conservative concept allowing localised increase in space without reorganising entire occlusion
can use bite plane or more commonly composite restorations on palatal of anteriors to create an occlusion on a raised cingulum
results in disocclusion of the posteriors and an increase in OVD of around 2-3mm.
Over 3-6 months posteriors will overupt and space will be gained

29
Q

treatment of chronic hyperplastic candidiasis

A

risk factor modification - smoking, nutritional deficiencies
biopsy
antifungals - fluconazole
review appts

excision indicated if dysplasia found

30
Q

4 aetiological factors of RAU

A

genetics - 40%
hormonal - luteal phase of menstruation
GI disease - associated haematinic deficiency
allergy - raised IgE
HIV - associated

31
Q

RAU investigations

A

FBC + haematinics
TTG
allergy

32
Q

lichen planus investigations

A

biopsy
FBC + haematinics
autoantibody screen if indicated

33
Q

what wire for retention on permanent and deciduous URA

A

permanent 0.7mm HSSW
primary - 0.6mm HSSW

34
Q

treatment of angular chelitis

A

miconazole 2% cream, 2x daily

35
Q

treatment of denture stomatitis

A

fluconazole - 50mg 7 days
miconazole 20mg/g gel - 4 times to fitting surface a day

36
Q

5 intra oral manifestations of HIV

A

kaposis sarcoma
hairy leukoplakia
RAU
erythmatous and pseudomembranous candida
ANUG
NH lymphoma

37
Q

aciclovir mechanism of action (3)

A

activated by thymidine kinase which is only present in infected cells
competitively inhibits DNA polymerase by acting as a defective guanine
aciclovir triphsophate has greater affinity for viral DNA polymerase than host DNA polymerase

38
Q

3 pharmacological managements of TMD

A

NSAIDs
TCAs
muscle relaxants e.g cyclobenzaprine

39
Q

name 4 secondary care treatments of lichen planus

A

clobetasol
tacrolimus
hydroxychloroquine
azathioprine

40
Q

cluster headache vs paroxysmal hemicrania

A

cluster - bouts then remission periods - 15 mins to 3 hours
hemicrania - multiple attacks a day up to 30 mins

41
Q

3 side effects of carbamazepine

A

ataxia
dizzyness
drowsiness

42
Q

4 signs of midface fracture

A

nose bleed without blow to nose
midface mobility
infraorbital numbness without blow to nerve
subconjunctival bleed

43
Q

4 signs of zygomatico-orbital fractures

A

periorbital ecchymosis
assymetry
step deformity
unilateral nose bleed

44
Q

what makes consent valid

A

specific to proposed treatment
obtained recently enough
remains current

45
Q

what makes consent legal

A

pt has capacity
pt is informed
voluntary decision

46
Q

6 elements of consent

A

not coerced
not manipulated
voluntary
valid
with capacity
informed

47
Q

what size wire for lab made fixed appliances e.g quadhelix

A

0.9mm HSSW

48
Q

what does a facebow do

A

records relationship of maxilla to terminal hinge axis of mandible and allows the maxillary cast to be mounted on articulator in an equivalent relationship

49
Q

briefly describe the process of using a facebow (3 steps)

A

1 - mark anterior reference point (infra orbital foreamen)
2 - position bite fork with paste or wax, notch in midline
3 - assemble ear bows and face jig, pointer aligned with anterior reference point, parallel with interpupillary line

50
Q

3 circumstances for using a facebow

A

toothwear
bridges
michigan splint

51
Q

name 3 methods of hand file motions and describe each

A

watch winding - 30 -60 back and forth light apical pressure, used for small K files <=15
balanced force - 60 CW then 60-120 CCW
reaming - used with protaper series - 90 CW then another 90 CW whilst simultaneously withdrawing

52
Q

discuss the protaper series

A

either hand files or protaper gold (rotary)
both compromise 8 files arranged in 2 series
- shaper files - 3 files for apical and middle third prep
- finishing files, 5 files used in simultaneous manner, recommended at least to F3

53
Q

degrees of motion for reciproc

A

150 degrees counterclockwise then 30 degrees clockwise

54
Q

how to decide what size reciproc

A

narrow canals - R25
ISO 20 passively to length - R40
ISO 30 passively to length - R50

55
Q

name 3 complications that may occur when using hand files for endo prep

A

blockage - accumulation of debris
ledge - internal transportation
zipping - overenlargement of outerside, underenlargement of inner side

56
Q

what may cause instrument separation (2)

A

torsional stress - tip locks and torque exceeds critical level
flexural stress due to repeat cyclic metal fatigue

Revision (19 decks)

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