Other Flashcards
(262 cards)
0
Q
Which one of the following does not contribute to altruism in children: encouragement of autonomy, assignment of responsibility, modeling of positive behaviors, or inductive discipline.
A
Encouragement of autonomy
1
Q
What is inductive discipline?
A
Inductive discipline involves the parent calling the child’s attention to the negative consequences for others of the child’s bad behavior, mobilizing in the child both empathy for others as well as recognition of responsibility for his or her own actions.
2
Q
What is the correlation of IQ scores for siblings reared together?
A
.50
3
Q
What is the correlation of IQ scores for siblings reared apart?
A
.25
4
Q
What is the correlation of IQ scores for identical twins?
A
.75
5
Q
What is the correlation of IQ scores of parent and child?
A
.45
6
Q
What is qualitative developmental change versus quantitative developmental change?
A
Qualitative developmental change is discontinuous and includes periods of little change that alternate with. Of abrupt and rapid change. Theorists are Piaget, Kohlberg, and Ericsson. Stage theorists believe that children who do not master stage specific issues are at increased risk for subsequent developmental failures.
7
Q
What is quantitative developmental change versus qualitative developmental change?
A
Quantitative developmental change is considered continuous meaning that children develop new abilities skills and knowledge gradually and relatively uniformly overtime him that change happens because of maturation of neurological processes.
8
Q
Regarding the genetic and environmental influences some research suggests that the environment affects the outcome of IQ more in early years or in later adulthood?
A
Early years. Environmental influences explain significant variability and IQ in children but not in adolescence there appears to be a gradual penetrance throughout life of genetic predisposition.
9
Q
Who developed the environmental influences that consist of the microsystem the meso system the Exosystem, the macro system and the chrono system?
A
urie Bronfenbrenner
10
Q
What is the microsystem?
A
The microsystem is the every day environment the person encounters and includes the home school work or neighborhood the microsystem consists of bidirectional relationships with parents siblings teachers friends etc.
11
Q
What is the meso system?
A
The meso system consists of the interaction or links between various Microsystems, such as the home and school, work and friends,. For example a child parents meet with his teacher just try to strategize how to facilitate learning for him.
12
Q
What is the exosystem?
A
The XO system describe the relationship between two or more studying at least one of which does not contain the person but indirectly affects the person for example a child is not directly involved in the parents were in place but may nevertheless be very influenced by how the workplace affects the parents.
13
Q
What is the macro system?
A
The macro system includes the influences of culture, religion, the economy and political systems.
14
Q
What is the Chrono system?
A
The chronal system addresses the role of the passage of time and the persons life. It encompasses change that take place in the family, such as birth of siblings are moving to a new neighborhood, as well as changes in the larger environment, just economic growth or war.
15
Q
Research into the impact of divorce indicates that the initial recovery for children may take between blank and blank years.
A
3-5 years
16
Q
What percentage of children of divorced parents do not suffer long lasting negative effects?
A
2/3
17
Q
Negative effects are more likely to occur if parents do what openly in front of children?
A
Argue
18
Q
Short-term and long-term effects of divorce different depending on what?
A
The age of the child at the time of the divorce.
19
Q
Do younger children or adolescents demonstrate poorer adjustment to divorce?
A
Younger children.
20
Q
What factor at the time of divorce predicts more significant problems later in life?
A
The older the child is at the time of divorce.
21
Q
What are age graded normative events?
A
age graded normative events are events that are commonly experienced by people of a particular age group for example puberty menopause entering kindergarten or retirement.
22
Q
What are non-normative influences on development?
A
Nonnormative influences are unusual events that have a major impact on an individual’s life. Nonnormative events can include typical events that occur in a typical time of life, such as death of a parent when the child is young, or atypical events such as a birth defect, or a fire consuming one’s home.
23
Q
What are history graded normative events?
A
History grated normative event is an event that is common to a particular cohort for example the Great Depression the Vietnam War women’s liberation the impact of television and computers 9/11 etc.,
24
What is a critical period in development?
A critical period is defined as a specific time during an organisms lifespan when is most sensitive to environmental influences or stimulation. Specific structure phenomenon must occur during the critical period, alright will not occur at all.
25
Name a critical. For children?
An example of a critical. He's during the embryonic stage of development the first eight weeks after conception which certain organs form if they do not form properly at this stage, they never will be able to develop properly. The embryo is the most Bonable to Tara oxygens i.e. agents that cause birth defects during this critical.
26
What is a sensitive. In development?
For purposes of cognitive and emotional development, the time sensitive. Is preferred overcritical. During a sensitive. Stimulation and learning has more of an impact then it will it any other time for example children learn language best and most easily from the ages of 1 to 3 however children were deprived of language rangers can still develop language later same applies to attachment.
27
What is phenomenalistic causality?
It is a type of magical thinking in which events that occurred together I thought to cause one another.
28
What is animism?
is endowing inanimate objects with human attributes.
29
What kind of impact does domestic violence versus physical abuse to children have?
Lots of research has found that either witnessing domestic abuse or being the victim of abuse have similar negative impact on children. Either experience result in higher rate of aggressive and delinquent behavior when compared with children and nonviolent homes, predisposes children to developing depression and/or anxiety, and predisposes children to being victimized later in life.
30
The most common cause of mental retardation is alterations during what stage of development?
Embryonic which corresponds to the period from conception to eight weeks. Problems during the embryonic stage account for 30% of the cases of mental retardation, and include chromosomal changes like Down's syndrome or damage to toxins like maternal alcohol consumption or infections.
31
What kind of problems can occur during the embryonic stage of development that correspond to 30% of the cases of mental retardation?
The problems include chromosomal changes like Down's syndrome or damage to toxins like maternal alcohol consumption or infections.
32
When is the embryonic stage of development?
From conception to eight weeks.
33
What percentage of problems during the perinatal contribute to mental retardation? And what percent of cases of mental retardation happen during the perinatal developmental stage?
10% of cases during the perinatal Stage result in mental retardation. Problems include fetal malnutrition, hypoxia, trauma, and viral infections. You natal stage is from 1 pound of weight in you and utero to one month after birth.
34
When is the perinatal developmental stage?
The perinatal period is from 1 pound of weight in utero to one month after birth.
35
What kind of problems can happen during the perinatal stage that can lead to 10% of the cases of mental retardation?
Fetal malnutrition, hypoxia, trauma, and viral infections.
36
What percent of heredity lead to cases of mental retardation?
5%.
37
What is stage one of Kohlbergs moral development?
Stage one is called preconventional morality and is based on the punishment obedience orientation such as war could hurt our economy.
38
What issues with heredity contribute to mental retardation?
Genetic abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations.
39
Kohlberg has three levels of morality in six stages what are the three levels?
Each level contains two stages level one is preconventional morality level two is conventional morality and number and level III is postconventional morality.
40
What are the six stages of Kohlberg's morality?
Stage one: punishment/obedient. Whatever leads to punishment is wrong.
Stage two: rewards. The right way to behave is the way that is rewarded.
Stage three: good intentions. Behaving in a way that conforms to good behavior.
Stage four: obedience to authority. Importance of doing one's duty.
Stage five: difference between moral and legal rights. Recognition that rules should sometimes be broken.
Stage six: individual principles of contents. Take account of likely views of everyone affected by a moral decision.
41
What is Kohlberg's stage one and level of morality and what does it stand for?
Stage one is obedience and punishment and falls under the level of preconventional morality. In this stage children see rules is fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules important because it means avoiding punishment. Avoid personal punishment.
42
What is Kolberg second stage of morality and what level of morality doesn't fall under and what does it stand for?
Stage two was called individualism and exchange and it falls under the first level of preconventional morality. In this stage the choice is what best serves the individuals means. Reciprocity is possible but only if it serves one's own interests. Obtain personal rewards.
43
What is Kohlberg's third stage and what level doesn't fall under and what does it stand for?
The third stage is called interpersonal relationships and it falls under level to conventional morality. This is the good boy good girl orientation. This stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles there is an emphasis on conformity, being nice, and consideration of how choices influence relationships. Follow family, group and rules
44
What is Kohlberg's fourth stage of morality and what level does it fall under and what does it stand for?
Level four is called maintaining social order and it also falls under level two of conventional morality. At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focuses on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one's duty and respecting authority. Obey laws and contracts.
45
What is Kohlberg's fifth stage of morality and what level doesn't fall under and what does it stand for?
Colebrook fifth stage of morality is called social contract and individual rights and it falls under level III postconventional morality. This stage, people begin to account for the different values, opinions and beliefs of other people. Rules of the law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon the standards. Create new laws.
46
What is Kohlberg's sixth stage of morality and what level does it Fahlander and what does it stand for?
Kohlberg's sixth stage is called universal principles and it falls under level three of postconventional morality. The final level of moral reasoning is based upon the universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalize principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules. Affirm life.
47
Who wrote seasons of a man's life? And what did it say?
Levinson wrote this book and according to this theory midlife is characterized by an awareness of one's mortality, and that time and the time that one has left to live.
48
Freud oral stage corresponds to what age range and what Ericsson, Piaget, and coral Kohlberg stage?
The oral stage corresponds to infancy to two years old. Ericksons trust and miss trust Piaget's sensorimotor Kohlberg no moral development at this age.
49
Freud's anal stage. What is the age range and how does it relate to Erickson, PJ, and Colberg.
For anal stage goes from 1 to 3 years of age. Corresponds to Ericksons autonomy versus shame and doubt, Piaget preconceptual and no moral development.
50
Freud phallic stage corresponds to what age range and Ericsson Piaget and Colberg stages?
Freud's phallic stage corresponds to the ages between three and six corresponds to Ericksons initiative versus guilt, Piaget's preoperational, and Kohlberg's preconventional morality stages wanted two.
51
Freud's latency stage corresponds to what ages, what Ericsson Piaget, Kohlberg stages?
Friends latency stage runs from ages 7 to 11. Ericksons industry versus inferiority, Piaget's concrete operations, and Kohlberg's conventional level of morality with two stages three and four.
52
Freuds a genital genital stage corresponds to what age range Erickson, Piaget and Colberg stages?
Freud genital stage corresponds to ages 12 to 18, Ericksons identity versus role confusion, Piaget's formal operations, and Kohlberg's postconventional morality consisting of stages five and six.
53
What is a key principle underlying Montessori schools.
The key principle underlying Montessori schools is that maximum learning comes from manipulation of materials sensorimotor stimuli, rather than through traditional classroom instruction and rote learning.
54
What is egocentricity?
The child inability to take the perspective of another person.
55
Name for neonatal reflexes?
The rooting reflex, the Moro reflex, the Babinski reflex, and the grasp reflex.
56
What is the rooting neonatal reflex?
The rooting reflex refers to reflexively turning the cheek toward where it has been touched. Mothers will frequently use this reflective facilitate the process of nursing.
57
What is the Moro neonatal reflex?
The Moro reflex refers to digital extension and arching of the back as in by a loud noise, or by the of loss of support.
58
What is the Babinski me a needle reflects?
The Babinski or plantar reflex refers to the toes spreading when the soul of the foot is touched.
59
What is the grasp neonatal reflex?
The grasp neonatal reflex is a tendency to automatically Grasp an object that is placed in the infant hand, for example, a finger.
60
Research on resilience suggests what about family size and years between siblings?
Research suggests that smaller family size and at least two years between siblings supports resilience.
61
Does the ability to reason and use logic and ecologically valid assessments become impaired with age?
No this remains the same.
63
When does fluid intelligence i.e. novel problem-solving peak?
At adolescence.
63
What happens to crystallized intelligence with aging?
Crystallized intelligence or knowledge gained through experience actually improves with age.
64
What kind of intelligent shows the greatest decline with aging?
Fluid intelligence or novel problem-solving. (PRI)
65
What happens with attention and concentration and psycho motor speed with aging?
It decreases.
66
When do we expect the baby to take her first step?
12 months
67
When do we expect the baby to start talking?
Two years
68
When do we expect potties training to be able to start?
Two years
69
When should babies be able to roll over?
Three months
70
When should babies be able to sit up alone?
Six months
71
When should babies be able to stand while holding furniture?
Six months
72
When should babies be able to walk while holding onto furniture ?
Nine months
73
When should babies be able to walk up steps?
17 months
74
What causes fetal alcohol syndrome and can it be reversed?
Fetal alcohol syndrome results from maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy it is permanent and it affects physical deformities, delayed motor development, and decreased intelligent.
75
What is chronic otitis media?
Chronic middle ear infections
76
chronic otitis media children with this often demonstrate long-term deficits in what?
These children often demonstrate long-term deficits in language capacities such as vocabulary. In fact, the entire verbal comprehension factor will often be depressed on the WISC-IV
77
Acute hearing infections are more likely to affect what subtests in the WISC -4?
Arithmetic and digit span
78
What subtests on the WISC four would be comparatively unimpaired by ear infections?
Matrix reasoning or the perceptual reasoning factor subtest
79
It has been suggested that environment affects the outcome of personality and IQ more significantly in the early years or later years?
early
80
What is an example of a normative age related influence on development?
puberty, menopause, entering kindgergarten, retiring
81
What is an example of a history graded normative event?
an event that is particular to a cohort, like the great depression, vietnam war, women's liberation, the impact of television or computers
82
What is an example of a non normative influence on development?
have a major impact on development
can be typical events that occur at atypical times like:
death of a parent at a young age, birth defect, or a fire consuming one's home
83
What are teratogens?
agents that cause birth defects (particularly during the embryonic state of 8 weeks)
84
Is learning a language a critical or sensitive period?
sensitive - it's done done from ages 1 - 3 but can still be learned a little later
85
Is attachment in children a critical or sensitive period?
sensitive - attachment can happen after the first year of life
86
___ and ____ transmit hereditary characteristics.
genes and chromosones
87
From conception, each human cell contains ___ pairs of chromosones on which there are thousands of ____, the carriers of hereditary traits.
23
| genes
88
The gene is composed of ___ and ____ which contain the genetic code. In addition to its genetic importance, ___ has been noted to have a significant role in ____ fx.
DNA, RNA
memory
89
Of the 23 chromosomes, ___ are _____ or chromosomes that are unrelated to sexual expression.
22
| autosomes
90
The 23rd chromosome, one comes from the mother and one from the father, the sex chromosome of every ovum is a ___ and the sperm's is a ____.
ovum - X
| sperm - X or Y
91
The ____ is the genetic make up of the person containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.
genotype
92
The ____ is the observable charcteristics of the person
phenotype
93
___% of babies are born every year with physical or mental disabilities. Of this percentage, the majority are due to _____ abnomalities such as ____, _____, and _____.
6%
| autosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome, PKU, and sickle cell anemia.
94
-___, ____ are examples of sex chromosonal abnormalities.
Klinefelter's syndrome
| Turner's syndrome
95
Hemophilia is a _____ disorder that causes excessive bleeding found mainly in _____ (males/females) and requires frequent transfusion of blood with clotting factors.
sex-lined recessive disorder
| males
96
Sickle cell anemia, an autosomal recessive disorder that occurs primarily in _____, with 1 in ____ having it and one in ___ being carriers. Sickel cell anemia results in deformed fragile red blood cells, causing anemia, severe pain, stunted growth, and frequent infections. Treatment includes ____ and _____.
African Americans with 1 in 500 getting it and 1 in 12 being carriers.
tx - blood transfusions and painkillers
97
The period between conception and birth is called _____. The zygote becoems a _____ and then a _____.
gestation
| embryo and then a fetus
98
The prenatal period is divided into three periods: ____, ____ and ______.
germinal, embryonic, and fetal
99
The first 2 weeks from conception is called the _____ period. This is when the zygote rapidly multiplies and ultimately plants itself onto the uterus wall.
germinal
100
The ____ period lasts from 2 weeks to 8 (12) weeks. This is a _____ developmental period. What develops? ____ of all birth defects happen during the first trimester.
embryonic
critical
major organs, systems, eyes, ears, limbs
Most
101
The ____ period happens from eight to twelve weeks until birth. During this period and the first few years of life, growth and development proceed in a ____ fashion which means that the head and upper body develop before the lower body.
fetal
| cephalocaudal
102
The use of ____ during pregnancy has been associated with: increased rate of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, low birth weight, neurological problems, smaller head circumference. In later years there may be problems with organization, language skills, emotional attachment.
cocaine
103
The use of ___ during pregnancy can result in infant death and low birth weight. In later years, problems are similar to those that used alcohol, poor attention span, hyperactivity, lower IQ, perceptual motor problems.
nicotine
104
With the exception of ___, most of the infant's senses are well developed at birth.
vision
105
The sense of ___ is the first sense to develop and the most mature of senses during the first few months of life.
touch and pain
There is indication that pain is felt on the first day of life and actually becomes more sensitive to pain in the days after deliver.
106
Color perception in babies is poor until about ____.
four months
107
A child achieves 20/20 vision by ____.
6 months to two years
108
Binocular or depth vision is developed by ____.
4-5 months
109
A baby can recognize his/her mother by ____.
one month
110
______ refers to the ability to imitate facial expressions and is first exhibited at _____. The smile emerges at _____.
cross modal fluency
2-3 weeks
2 months
111
The ____ develops faster than any part of the body during the prenatal period and first ____ years of life.
brain, 2
112
1. Ability to lift head happens by _____.
2. Rolls over by _____.
3. Sits alone by _______.
4. Crawls by ______.
5. Stands with support by ______.
6. Stands alone by ________.
7. First steps and walking alone by ______.
8. Walking up steps by _____.
9. Toilet training by ______.
10. Motor sequencing behaviors are performed more smoothly and accurately and athletic prowess becomes apparent by _____.
1. 6 weeks (head)
2. 4 months (rolls)
3. 7 months (sits)
4. 9 months (crawls)
5. 9 months (stands with support)
6. 12 months (stands alone)
7. 12-15 months (first steps and walks alone)
8. 16 months (walks up steps)
9. 24 months (toilet trained)
10. 6/7 years old
113
The brain. At birth it is _____% of its adult size. By age 2, it is ___% its adult size. And by 5, it is __% of its adult size.
25-33% birth
75% at 2
90% by 5
114
There are five stages of brain development. In ____, new cells are created within the neural tube, when the embryo is about 2-3 weeks old. During the second stage of ____, immature neurons migrate to specific brain locations and start to join other neurons to form brain structures (8 weeks). Third stage is ___, when the neurons begin to take on a more distinct look developing axons and dendrites. Next, is ____ in which a myelin sheath is developed around axons of some neurons. This happens after birth. The final stage is ____ in which synapses are formed and this happens post natally.
```
proliferation
migration
differentiation
myelination
synaptogenesis
```
115
Until about age ___, a child's brain has great capacity for plasticity and recover language function if the dominant hemisphere is damaged.
7 or 8 years old
116
By what age is there increasing mature performance on tests of visual motor and neuroperceptual skills?
7/8
117
By ____, hypocampal development seems complete with capacities for ____ and ____ memory.
middle childhood
| declarative and procedural memory
118
By age ____ if brought up with one language, children have difficulty learning a new language without an accent.
10
119
_____ continues into one's 20's enhancing processing speed, attention span and front lobe functioning.
Myelination
120
Puberty occurs in girls by ____ and in boys by ____
10-12 (first menarche or period)
| 12-14 (first spermarche or ejaculation)
121
What do studies say about boys and girls and age of puberty?
boys: early is better although one study says that it could cause behavioral problems
girls: mixed higher academic achievement and independence but lower self esteem, poorer body image, and more conflicts with parents. in fact in early maturing girls whose academics drop they become more popular and have a more positive self image
by 12th grade the differences have disappeared
122
Middel age and menopause takes place between ____. What does research say about they myth of menopause?
45 - 55, no support for the myth
123
Lowered testosterone levels in men are more gradual than for women and icnlude:
weight gain, loss of muscle strength, gray hair, diminshed sexual responsiveness
124
The ____ says that it is not the size of the person's support network that counts but rather the person's perception of an adequate health network.
the social buffer hypothesis
125
The ____ Scale developed in ____ measures life stress to be used as a tool for examing the stress illness relationship. It contains 43 items in point value to 100. The most stressful at 100 points is _____, divorce is ____, marriage ___, retirement ____, death of a close friend ___, foreclosure on a home ____.
```
Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 1967
100 = death of spouse
73 = divorce
50 = marriage
45 = retirement
37 = death of close friend
foreclosure = 30
```
126
Cooing in babies happens between ___ and ___.
6 weeks - 3 months
127
Babbling in babies happens between __ and ___ months.
4 - 6 months
128
Babies comprehend words by ___ to ____ months.
9 - 10 months
129
____ involves deliberate imitation of sounds without comprehension. In babies this starts about ____.
echolalia
| 10 months
130
The average baby says their first word around ____.
10-14 months
131
____ speech is when babies use a single word to even a syllable to express a complete thought.
holophrasic speech
132
___ is the smallest unit of speech (da, ma, na)
phoneme
133
the smallest meaninful unit of speech is ____ (daddy)
morpheme
134
By 15 months, toddlers have a vocabulary of ____ words
10 but comprehension is much greater
135
By 18 months, toddlers have a vocabulary of ____ words
50
136
____ speech is when toddlers put two words together to express one idea and happens around ____.
telegraphic speech
| 18 - 24 months
137
By 24 months, the average vocabulary is ____ words
200
138
Noam Chombsky, exemplifying the ______ view believes that children are born with _______ which is a pre-wiring for language, so they require only minimal explosure to adult language in order to develop speech. Support is that kids learn their native language in the same sequence without receiving formal instruction.
the nativisist view
| innate language acquisition device (LAD)
139
The _____ view says that language is acquired by means of interaction with the environment through a process of imitation and reinforcement. They say that children learn grammar through exposure of correct ____.
nurturist
syntax
140
The most favored position on children learning speech is the ____ view. It is a cominbation of ___ and ____.
interactionist
| nature and nurture
141
Some research says that parents speak more to ____ than ____. (daughter v sons)
daughters
142
The ____ hypothesis says that speakers of different languages actually think differenlty because language influences how we think. Support for this hypothesis is mixed.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
143
____ is a difficulty with reading or a reading disorder. These folks have difficulty matching _____ with ____. The prevalence rate for dyslexia is ____ to ____% and is ____ in boys versus girls. It may have a ______ component and is more common in children from _____ and _____.
```
Dyslexia
speech sounds with written words
3-20%
equivalent in boys and girls
low SES and larger families
```
144
_____ dyslexia mistakenly reads a given word as one with a similar meaning like reads coat instead of jacket.
Deep dyslexia
145
______ dyslexia cannot recognize words and instead sounds them out. (come versus dome and home)
surface dyslexia
146
_____ dyslexia cannot read non words alound otherwise reading is nearly perfect. (can't read squiflish)
phonological
147
______ dyslexia is when a person misreads the first or last half of a word so they read slap instead of slit.
neglect dyslexia
148
A study based on studying just a few is called what?
idiographic
149
Central to Piaget's theory is ____ ,which holds that growth and development occur in a series of stages, each of which is built on the successful mastery of he previous stage.
epigenesis
150
Piaget stated that cognitive development takes place as a result of three interconnected principles: ---, --- and ---
organization, adaptation, and equilibration
151
____ refers to the development of increasingly complex systems of knowledge.
organization
152
Cognitive structures called ____ are organized patters of behavior that people use as a guide for thinking about or acting a particular situation.
schemata
153
Piaget defined ____ as a way a person deals with new information. it involves changes the individual's schemata to enhance the ability to survive and it occurs through two processes: --- and ___.
adaptation
assimilation
accomodation
154
What is assimilation? And it falls under what larger category? And under whose theory?
the process of taking in a new experience and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures for example when a child sees an eagle for the first time and calls it a "bird" the child is assimilating a new experience into an existing schema (birds)
Falls under adaptation and it is Piaget's theory
155
What is accomodation? And it falls under what larger category? And under whose theory?
Reorganizing existing cognitive schemas such as creating a new schema for eagles or planes.
156
What is decalage? And whose theory is it?
Decalage is an unevenness within a given child's development and Piaget.
157
The sensorimotor stage: age, goals
```
0 - 2
object permanence (3 - 4 months) and symbolic representation
```
158
The goal of object permanence has been used to explain the development of ___ and ___.
separation protest and stranger anxiety
160
Preoperational stage takes place from ___ to ____ and is characterized by the increased use of symbols and language far beyond the sensorimotor period.
2 - 7
161
The operational stage takes place from __ to ___ and the child can operate and act on real or imagined concrete objects.
7 - 11
162
Operational thought takes place in which Piaget stage? and what is it?
```
Concrete operational (7-11)
Egocentric thought is replaced with operational thought which permits attending to a wide array of information. Children now use logical thought processes and can serialize, or place objects in order according to one or more dimensions (weight, color). Children are able to reason and follow rules and regulations.
```
163
The formal operational stages takes place between ___
11 and end of adolescence.
164
What stages includes hypothetical thinking?
formal operations (11+) "what if..."
165
What stages includes phenomenalstic causality?
preoperational (2-7) magical thinking
166
What stage includes metacognition?
formal operations (11+) thinking about thinking and explore their personal values and compare them with others
167
What stage does irrerversibility take place?
preoperation (2-7) can't mentally undo something (roll a ball of clay into a shape of a log and the child cannot imagine returning it to its original shape
168
What stage does conservation take place?
Concrete operations (7 - 11) the ability to recognize that even though shape and form change, the object still concserve other characteristics.
169
What stage does centration take place?
Preoperations (2-7) focus on one aspect of a problem at a time - mommies can't also be sisters or row of objects more spread out the row has more objects
170
What stage has intuitive thinking?
preoperational (2-7) thinking is intuitive not logical and deductive
171
What stage does deductive thinking take place?
formal operational (11+) reasoning based on facts if x, then y.
172
What stage includes animism?
preoperational (2-7)endow physical objects with psychological attributers such as feelings or intentions
173
What stage does constructivism takes place?
No stage, it is a term that means that people develop new knowledge based on the foundation of previous learning and by interacting with objects and events in the environment.
174
What is Vygotsky's theory on the development of cognition?
Cognitive development results from social interaction. This development is too complex to be divided into stages.
175
Whose theory is the zone of proximal development?
Vygotsky. the distance between what the child can do independently and what they can do with adult guidance or peer collaboration.
176
What is scaffolding and what theory?
Social development theory, Vygotsky, and teachers adjust their level of help based on the child's performance until the child can do it and then withdraws assistance.
177
What is reciprocal teaching and what theory?
Social development, Vygotsky, teacher and child discuss strategies instead of presenting the correct strategy.
178
Is Piaget's stages qualitative or quantitative?
Qualitative ("l" for levels or stages)
179
A new model of cognitive development is information processing, is it qualitative or quantitative?
quantitative
180
what is mneumonics and what theory?
memory strategies, information processing cognitive develpment
181
What is informational processing cognitive development?
differences in cognitive abilities across different age groups are explained on the basis of differences in experience and knowledge. So adolescents have larger foundations for information and better skills in discerning isomorphs through scanning, flexible use of learning strategies and enhanced abilities to self monitor.
182
What is an isomorph and what theory?
Isomorph is distilling the critical features of a new problem and recognizing how the new problem resembles old problems - information processing cognitive theory
183
What did Elkind mean by personal fable for adolescents?
they believe they are special and rules of conduct do not apply to them. They believe they are invulnerable. They can use drugs without negative consequences and engage in unprotected sex without consequences.
184
What did Elkind mean by "imaginary audience" for adolescents?
they often think that everyone is thinking about the same thing they are thinking about namely themselves which leads to extreme consciousness and this involves an imaginary audience.
185
Piaget and Vygotsky are ____ theories while Freud and Erikson are ____ theories.
cognitive development theories
| psychosocial developmental theories
186
Erikson's stage from 0 - 1 and the strength accomplished?
0-1 is trust and mistrust that leads to hope
187
Erikson's stage from 1 - 3 and the strength accomplished?
1 - 3 autonomy v shame/doubt leads to WILL
188
Erikson's stage from 3 - 6 and the strength accomplished?
3 - 6 is initiative v guilty that leads to PURPOSE
189
Erikson's stage from 6-12 and the strength accomplished?
6-12 is industry v inferiority that leads to competence
190
Erikson's stage from 12 - 18 and the strength accomplished?
12 - 18 is identity v role confusion that leads to fidelity
191
Erikson's stage from 18 - 35 and the strength accomplished?
18 - 35 is intimacy v isolation that leads to love
192
Erikson's stage from 35 - 60 and the strength accomplished?
35 - 60 is generativity v stagnation and leads to care
193
Erikson's stage from 60+ and the strength accomplished?
60+ leads to integrity v despair and leads to wisdom
194
What are Margaret Mahler's six stages of development?
1. infantile autism
2. symbiosis
3. differentiation
4. practicing
5. rapprochement
6. object constancy
195
What is infantile autism, whose theory is it, and what time frame?
the baby is unaware of the external world
Margaret Mahler
month 1
196
What is symbiosis, whose theory is it, and what time frame?
the baby feels that she and the mother are one entity
Mahler
2-4 months
197
What is differentiation, whose theory is it, and what time frame?
the child is able to distinguish between self and others
Mahler
5-10 months
198
Separation anxiety happens when and is due to what and according to what theorist?
separation from caregiver triggers anxiety and fear
is due to differentiation process that is happening between 5 - 10 months
Mahler
199
What is practicing, whose theory is it, and what time frame?
child begins to physically separate from parent
Mahler
10 - 16 months
also creates separation anxiety
200
What is object constancy, whose theory is it, and what time frame?
maintain image of mother when she is not present as well as integrate the good and bad mother into a whole representation
Mahler
2- 3 years old
201
What is associated with Konrad Lorenz?
imprinting, ducklings
202
What is associated with Harry Harlow?
monkeys, the wire monkey versus the terrycloth monkey mother - putting baby monkeys in isolation in early life showed abnormal and autistic like behaviors that would mostly remit if then placed with normally reared monkeys
203
_____, formulated the theory of attachment, and described a predictable sequence of behaviors when a child is separated from their mother as ___, ___, and ___.
Bowlby
| protest, despair, detachment
204
_____ coined the term _____ which describes the syndrome of weepiness, withdrawal, insomnia, decline of health, and affect in babies deprived of maternal attention between six and eight months.
Rene Spitz
| anaclytic depression
205
The strange situation can be measured by the time the child is ____ old.
1 year old
206
____ developed the strange situation.
Mary Ainsworth
207
What percent of all babies are securely attached?
65%
208
What percent of babies are avoidant?
20%
209
What kind of parenting is associated with avoidant attachment?
Style of aloofness, distance, intrusiveness, and overstimulation
210
What percent of babies are ambivalent/resistant?
10%
211
What kind of parenting is associated with ambivalent/resistant attachment?
inconsistent and insensitive
212
What kind of parenting is associated with disorganized/disoriented attachment?
abuse of the baby and unresolved abuse issues of the caretaker
213
____ identified the following three types of parenting patterns: ____, ____, and _____.
Baumrind
| Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative
214
Describe authoritarian parenting and the consequences on the child. Baumrind coined this style _____.
Parent: Expect unquestioned obedience, demanding, controlling, threatening, and punishing and are more detached.
conflict-irritable
Child: moody, irritable, discontented, withdrawn, distrustful, aggressive and more behavior disorders.
215
Describe the TWO permissive parenting and the consequences on the child. Baumrind coined this style _____.
Parent: are either permissive-indifferent or permissive-indulgent. Set few limits, provide little monitoring, detached and uninvolved.
Child: Poor self control, demanding, minimally compliant, poor interpersonal skills
Permissive-indulgent kids: impulsive, immature and out of control. Baumrind coined this style "impulsive" and the child "impulsive-aggressive".
216
Describe authoritative parenting and the consequences on the child. Baumrind coined this style _____.
Parent: caring, emotionally available, firm, fair, and reasonable. Set appropriate limits and reasonable expectations.
Child: competent, confident, independent, cooperative, at ease in social situations.
Baumrind: parent "energetic friend" and child "energetic-friendly-self-reliant"
217
Across cultures, a key variable that affects outcome of parenting is ____ over _____.
warmth over rejection
218
Across cultures, parental ____ and _____ are associated with more behavior problems, internpersonal relationships, and psychological problems.
rejection and hostility
219
Findings of working mothers have found that children have more _____ than children of stay at home mothers
egalitarian views of sex roles
220
Findings of working mothers have found that middle SES boys in daycare have slightly _____ academic performance than those whose moms stay at home. Lower SES boys in boys in daycare have slightly _____ academic performance than those whose moms stay at home.
lower (higher SES)
higher (lowever SES)
221
What have studies shown related to attachment and leaving infants in daycare even before three months?
no dangers to attachment
222
What have studies shown related to social development and for kids in daycare ?
Mixed. Although they are more socialable, self confident and persistent, they are also more disobedient, less polite, bossier, and more aggressive.
223
What have studies found re single parents?
lower levels of achievement thought to be due to income levels
224
Research by Baumrind suggests that authoritative parents are most likely to believe:
• 1. strict control of the child's behavior is necessary for the child to
acquire a strong sense of morals and values.
• 2. parental control should be used to guide the child to understand
and accept society's norms and values.
• 3. the parent should serve as a resource for the child, but should
not attempt to control the child's behavior.
• 4. the parent should avoid punishment in child-rearing.
Feedback:! Authoritative parents do believe in the need to control children's behavior at times. "Strict control" (Response 1) tends to be associated with authoritarian parents. Beliefs that a parent should never control (Response 3) or punish a child (Response 4) are more characteristic of permissive parents.
2
225
According to developmental theorists who have studied temperament, such as Thomas and Chess:
• 1. the majority of all infants have an "easy temperament."
• 2. infants with "easy temperaments" are expected to have the most positive developmental outcome.
• 4. slow-to-warm-up infants are likely to become children who are shy and
lacking in self-confidence.
• 4. the most important influence on developmental outcome is the goodness-of-fit between the infant and environment.
Thomas and Chess did in fact propose that a critical factor affecting developmental outcome is goodness-of-fit between the infant and his or her environment (e.g., caretakers). Thomas and Chess found that about 40% of all infants had easy temperaments, 10% had difficult temperaments, 15% were slow to warm up, and 35% were not classifiable into one of the categories (Response 1). Given that goodness-of-fit is so significant, it is not necessarily true that infants with easy temperaments will have the best outcome, nor that slow-to-warm-up children will end up shy and lacking confidence (Responses 2 and 3).4
226
A child who bullies other children:
* 1. probably has low self-esteem.
* 2. probably is rejected by peers.
* 3. is more likely than other children to exhibit violent behavior in the future.
* 4. is most likely demonstrating behavior within the normal range.
Feedback:! Experts no longer consider bullying a normal part of childhood (ruling out Response 4), but rather one with serious ramifications for both the bully and the victim(s). According to a large research study by the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD), children who bully are more likely to engage in violence in the future. Current research does not support the long-held view that bullies suffer from low self-esteem (Response 1). It is the victims of bullying that are more likely to suffer form depression and low self-esteem as adults. Peer rejection is a major risk factor for becoming a victim of bullying (Response 2). Sadly, there is some evidence that bullies may actually be popular among their peers.3
227
```
At what age would separation from the mother be most difficult for a child?
• 1. 0 - 4 months.
• 2. 5 - 10 months.
• 3. 10 - 16 months.
• 4. 16 - 24 months.
```
Feedback: According to the psychoanalytic developmental theorist Margaret Mahler, the first month constitutes an autistic phase (a speculation which has not, incidentally, been supported by further research), and months 2-4 constitute the symbiotic phase. The process of separation-individuation then begins at around 4-5 months, with four subphases: a) differentiation (5-10 months) which includes stranger anxiety; b) practicing (10-16 months) which includes separation anxiety -- and hence would be the age for greatest problems during a separation; c) rapprochement (16-24 months); and d) consolidation and object constancy (24 to 36 months). If you did not know Mahler's stages, you could have tried to guess using your own first-hand experiences with children.
3
228
```
A child refers to a neighbor’s dog by the same name she refers to her family dog (e.g., “Scottie”). This behavior is an example of:
• 1. underextension.
• 2. overextension.
• 3. holophrasic speech.
• 4. telegraphic speech.
```
```
Early speech (about 18 months of age) is characterized by both underextension and overextension of word meanings. Overextension (Response 2) occurs when a word is used too broadly. In this example, the child calls the neighbor’s dog by the same name as her own. Underextension (Response 1) occurs when a word is used too narrowly. For example, only one’s own dog is referred to as “doggie,” even though it is the appropriate word for all dogs. Holophrasic speech (Response 3) which occurs between 12 and 18
months of age, makes use of a single word to express a complex idea. For example, “up” means “pick me up.” Telegraphic speech (Response 4), which occurs between 18 and 24 months of age, is a form of two word, noun-verb sentences. For example, “give candy,” means “I’d like you to give me some candy.” 2
```
229
A child with a reading disorder is most likely to:
• 1. continue to have that disability as an adult.
• 2. have low vocabulary scores.
• 3. have impaired vision or hearing.
• 4. have few friends.
Feedback: The most likely outcome for a child with a reading disorder is to have continued problems in this area as an adult, although for some individuals the problem seems to resolve by adulthood.1
230
AAI: Secure/autonomous adult begets a _____ infant and reports history in a _____ way.
AAI: Insecure/Preoccupied adult begets a ____ infant and reports history in a _____ way.
AAI: Insecure/Dismissive adult begets a ____ infant and reports history in a _____ way.
AAI: Unresolved/Disorganized adult begets a ____ infant and reports history in a _____ way.
- secure infant - high coherence and high consistency
- anxious/ambivalent infant - get lost while talking and lose line of thought
- avoidant infant - contradictions and lapses in memory
- disorganized infant - momentary lapses of reasoning
Feedback: In the Adult Attachment Interview, adults are asked to discuss their early attachment experiences. Their responses are not analyzed by the content of the memories but rather by the manner in which these memories are discussed. The adult in this example would be considered “preoccupied.” Such adults are overly concerned with the attachment memories but “get lost” while they are talking, often losing their line of thought. The children of such adults tend to have ambivalent attachments. In general, adults who receive the Adult Attachment Interview can be categorized as “secure/autonomous” (high coherence and consistency); “insecure/dismissing” (contradictions and lapses in memory); and “insecure/preoccupied” (confused, incoherent). After receiving one of these three labels, adults who discuss trauma and loss may be additionally categorized as “unresolved/disorganized” if they show momentary lapses of reasoning. In general, secure adults tend to have secure infants (Response 1); dismissing adults tend to have avoidant infants (Response 3); preoccupied adults tend to have ambivalent/anxious infants; and disorganized/unresolved adults tend to have disorganized infants (Response 4).2
231
```
Young children often lack the cognitive capacity to conserve. To cope with this inability, they often focus on the most salient aspect of a stimulus. This strategy is termed:
• 1. equilibration.
• 2. centration.
• 3. seriation.
• 4. primary circular reaction.
```
Feedback: The pre-operational child centers on only one aspect of an object or situation at a time. For example, the child can’t understand that a mommy can also be a sister. Centration is also one component involved in the inability to conserve: the pre-operational child fails to understand that a tall, thin glass may actually hold the same amount of liquid as a short but stout glass. Here, the child centers or focuses only on the height of the glass, and reports that the tall glass holds more liquid. Equilibration (Response 1) is the need for balance between the person and the outside environment as well as among the person’s schemata. This need will determine the extent to which a child uses assimilation or accommodation. Seriation (Response 3) involves putting things in order, an easy task for the concrete operational child but not for the pre-operational child. Primary circular reactions (Response 4) occur early in the sensorimotor stage (one to four months), when a child’s own action stimulates the child to perform that action more. For example, sucking the thumb feels good which makes the child suck more which feels good and makes the child suck more, etc.2
232
Studies of children identified as aggressive support which of the following conclusions?
• 1. Aggression in early childhood is unrelated to aggression in middle childhood.
• 2. Childhood aggression rarely persists into adolescence.
• 3. Childhood aggression persists only if the children are abused.
• 4. There is a moderate tendency for the children to remain aggressive.
4
233
The best predictor of adolescent alcohol use is:
• 1. the attitude of peers and parents toward alcohol.
• 2. the level of alcohol use by parents and peers.
• 3. parental attitudes toward alcohol and level of alcohol use by peers.
• 4. level of alcohol use by parents and attitude of peers toward alcohol.
2
Feedback: This is a difficult question because all the variables listed do affect adolescent alcohol use: peer attitudes, parental attitudes, peer use, and parental use. However, the bulk of the research suggests that the best predictors are actual use by parents and peers. For example, in one study, adolescents whose fathers had more than two drinks a day showed a 71% greater risk for substance abuse than other adolescents. As adolescents grow older, the parental influence decreases and the influence of peers becomes greater. Interestingly, it is not the actual level of peer drinking that affects adolescents as much as it is the perception of how much peers are drinking. As with delinquency, a strong and positive parent-child relationship acts as a protective factor against alcohol use.
2
234
The first trimester includes weeks _____.
The second trimester includes weeks _____.
The third trimester includes weeks ______.
1st: 0 - 13 (germinal and embryonic)
2nd: 14-26
3rd: 27-40
235
```
A nine-year-old is asked why one should not steal. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, she would probably say:
• 1. stealing is against the law.
• 2. one can be punished for stealing.
• 3. stealing is wrong.
• 4. thieves are bad people.
```
1. stealing is against the law (law and order conventional - conforming and duty))
• 2. one can be punished for stealing (punishment and individualistic hedonism)
• 3. stealing is wrong (post-conventional morality, based on universal principles of justice, equality, and respect for life)
• 4. thieves are bad people (good boy/good girl orientation of conventional morality, which involves concern for gaining approval through obedience)
236
```
Handedness appears to be genetically determined. Preference for handedness first expresses itself at ____ and becomes firmly established by age ____:
• 1. birth, four to five.
• 2. age two, four to five.
• 3. age two, seven to eight.
• 4. age four, seven to eight.
```
3
237
According to Patterson and colleagues, delinquency results in part from poor parenting, such as threats and criticism, and noncontingent punishment and reinforcement. A direct consequence of this poor parenting is that the child:
• 1. develops low self-esteem.
• 2. develops depressed mood.
• 3. learns to control others through coercive methods.
• 4. does not develop impulse control and an appropriate social conscience.
3
Feedback: According to Patterson's Coercion Model of Aggression three steps lead to delinquency. First, children learn to be aggressive by observing coercive and antisocial behavior in the parents. Such parents respond to a child's noncompliance with increasingly coercive and aggressive behaviors. Poor parenting practices then unwittingly reinforce coercive behavior on the part of the child. A cycle of escalating coerciveness ensues. The child's coercive behavior leads to conduct problems. Second, the child with conduct problems experiences academic failure and peer rejection. Third, the child then experiences a depressed mood and is more likely to join a deviant peer group. Low self-esteem (Response 1), and impulse control and social conscience (Response 4) are not factors highlighted in Patterson's theory. Depressed mood (Response 2) is not a direct result of poor parenting, but rather it results from academic failure and peer rejection.3
238
```
According to Piaget, when a child is not able to see that there is the same amount of water when it is poured from a container of one shape into a container of a different shape, he is in the pre-operational state. This is a consequence of:
• 1. irreversibility.
• 2. centration.
• 3. conservation.
• 4. phenomenalistic causality.
```
1
the question says preoperational - irrversibility yes, centration applies, conservation is for concrete and phen applies.
Feedback: According to Piaget's Stage Theory, one of the characteristics of the pre-operational stage is irreversibility (Response 1) which refers to the inability to mentally undo something. In this case, the water was poured into a different container in front of the child, who was then unable to think back to the initial stage of the action. Centration (Response 2) is another aspect of the pre-operational stage and refers to the tendency to focus on only one aspect when observing a stimulus. In this situation, centration is also occurring, when the child focuses only on the level of the water. Nevertheless, irreversibility is the better answer because the key difficulty the child experiences in this scenario is the inability to think back to the initial situation. Phenomenalistic causality (Response 4) is also associated with the pre-operational stage and involves a sense of magical thinking where events that co-occur in time are thought to be causally connected. Conservation (Response 3) is the ability to recognize that objects conserve their characteristics regardless of a change in shape or form, a development associated with the concrete operational stage. In this scenario the child is unable to conserve.1
239
Trait theorists believe that people have ____ regarding their ways of behaving in the world.
genetically determined, stable ways of behaving in the world (e.g., introversion versus extroversion). Traits would therefore not be determined by social learning (Response 2), nor would they fluctuate over time (Response 4).
240
Permissive or laissez-faire parents who allow their children to regulate their own lives and provide few firm guidelines tend to have children who are ____. Authoritative parents tend to have children who are ____. Authoritative parents are firm, fair, and reasonable. Moodiness and irritability (Response 2) tend to result from _____ parenting, which is characterized by parents who are controlling and require unquestioned obedience. Authoritarian parenting can also result in ____ and ____ behaviors in children (Response 3)
Permissive or laissez-faire parents who allow their children to regulate their own lives and provide few firm guidelines tend to have children who are impulsive, self-centered, and who act out. Authoritative parents tend to have children who are independent and self-confident (Response 1). Authoritative parents are firm, fair, and reasonable. Moodiness and irritability (Response 2) tend to result from authoritarian parenting, which is characterized by parents who are controlling and require unquestioned obedience. Authoritarian parenting can also result in aggressive and submissive behaviors in children (Response 3)
241
```
Of the following, the most common cause for mental retardation is:
• 1. perinatal problems.
• 2. heredity.
• 3. embryonic problems.
• 4. birth problems.
```
3
242
The most common cause of mental retardation is alterations during the ____ stage of development, which corresponds to the period from conception to 8 weeks. Problems during the embryonic stage account for ---% of the cases of mental retardation, and include chromosomal changes (e.g., Down's Syndrome) or damage due to toxins (e.g., maternal alcohol consumption or infections). Perinatal problems (Response 1) account for ---% of cases of mental retardation, and include fetal malnutrition, hypoxia, trauma, and viral infections. The perinatal period is from 1 pound of weight (in utero) to one month after birth. Birth problems (Response 4) occur during the perinatal period, and therefore account for less than ---% of the cases of mental retardation. Heredity (Response 2) accounts for --% of the cases of mental retardation, and includes genetic abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations.
The most common cause of mental retardation is alterations during the embryonic stage of development, which corresponds to the period from conception to 8 weeks. Problems during the embryonic stage account for 30% of the cases of mental retardation, and include chromosomal changes (e.g., Down's Syndrome) or damage due to toxins (e.g., maternal alcohol consumption or infections). Perinatal problems (Response 1) account for 10% of cases of mental retardation, and include fetal malnutrition, hypoxia, trauma, and viral infections. The perinatal period is from 1 pound of weight (in utero) to one month after birth. Birth problems (Response 4) occur during the perinatal period, and therefore account for less than 10% of the cases of mental retardation. Heredity (Response 2) accounts for 5% of the cases of mental retardation, and includes genetic abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations.
243
Research into the impact of divorce indicates that initial recovery may take children from --- to -- years. Ultimately, about --- of these children do not suffer long-lasting negative effects. Negative effects are more likely to occur if the parents ----- (Response 3). The short-term and long-term effects differ depending on the age of the children at the time of the divorce. Younger children initially demonstrate ----- adjustment than adolescents, however, children who are ----- at the time of divorce appear to have more significant problems later in life.
Research into the impact of divorce indicates that initial recovery may take children from three to five years. Ultimately, about 2/3 of these children do not suffer long-lasting negative effects. Negative effects are more likely to occur if the parents argue openly in front of the children (Response 3). The short-term and long-term effects differ depending on the age of the children at the time of the divorce. Younger children initially demonstrate poorer adjustment than adolescents, however, children who are older at the time of divorce appear to have more significant problems later in life (so it's better to get divorced earlier!!)
244
Resilience is defined as the ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology (e.g., growing up in poverty). Research has found that resilience is largely linked to the ____, the ____, the ____ and _____. Resources of the individual include ____ (Response 1), good ____ ability, _____, ____ locus of control (Response 2). Familial factors contributing to resilience include ____, clear ____, and ____, as well as _____ family size and at least ____ years between siblings. Support outside the family (Response 4), such as a supportive neighbor, elder, relative, teacher, or clergy, is also a key contributing factor to resilience.
Resilience is defined as the ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology (e.g., growing up in poverty). Research has found that resilience is largely linked to the resources and strengths of the individual, the family, the school and community. Resources of the individual include sociability (Response 1), good reasoning ability, autonomy, internal locus of control (Response 2). Familial factors contributing to resilience include structure, clear rules, and routine, as well as smaller family size and at least two years between siblings. Support outside the family (Response 4), such as a supportive neighbor, elder, relative, teacher, or clergy, is also a key contributing factor to resilience.
245
The combination of ____ and ____ (Response 4) contributes to the preoperational child’s inability to conserve
centrism and irriversibility
246
As people age they need less sleep per night overall. It is also true that as people age they spend a much smaller percentage of total sleep time in the REM (rapid eye movement) stage of sleep. Infants spend ---% of their sleep time in REM sleep, adults spend about ---% of their sleep time in REM sleep, and older adults spend less than ---% of their sleep time in REM sleep
As people age they need less sleep per night overall. It is also true that as people age they spend a much smaller percentage of total sleep time in the REM (rapid eye movement) stage of sleep. Infants spend 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep, adults spend about 20% of their sleep time in REM sleep, and older adults spend less than 15% of their sleep time in REM sleep
247
Down syndrome, also called -----, is caused by the presence of an extra number ----- chromosome, resulting in ----- rather than two chromosomes. It addition to characteristic features of a broad skull and slanted eyes, individuals with Down syndrome have intellectual disability. Maternal infection during the prenatal period (e.g., rubella) may cause a host of problems including ----- and ----- (Response 1). Exposure to alcohol in utero (Response 2) may cause fetal alcohol syndrome. Birth complications (Response 4) may result in minor to severe problems (e.g., hypoxia or reduction of oxygen leading to brain damage).
Down syndrome, also called trisomy 21, is caused by the presence of an extra number 21 chromosome, resulting in three rather than two chromosomes. It addition to characteristic features of a broad skull and slanted eyes, individuals with Down syndrome have intellectual disability. Maternal infection during the prenatal period (e.g., rubella) may cause a host of problems including blindness and deafness (Response 1). Exposure to alcohol in utero (Response 2) may cause fetal alcohol syndrome. Birth complications (Response 4) may result in minor to severe problems (e.g., hypoxia or reduction of oxygen leading to brain damage).
248
The sequences of acquisition in gender role development is gender ---, gender ----, and gender ----.
The sequences of acquisition in gender role development is gender roles, gender identity, and gender constancy. Sex is determined at conception. Gender roles refer to the societal expectations for appropriate male or female behavior, which begin to develop virtually from birth and continue to develop throughout life. Gender identity refers to the individual's self-perception as a male or a female. Gender identity is achieved by the age of three years, at the latest. Gender constancy is the recognition that gender does not change with dress or behavior. Gender constancy is attained by age five or six.
249
According to Patterson's Coercion Model of Aggression, three steps lead to delinquency: I) . II) III)
---- in parenting is most linked with conduct problems, not consistently ---- parenting (Response 2). In fact, parents may alternate between a permissive and explosive parenting style. Physical discipline (Response 4) was not singled out as the cause of ---- in children, although ---- and ---- physical discipline can certainly play a part in the cycle of ---- behavior. The factors of empathy and mutual positive affectivity (Response 3) are highlighted in the ----- work on the development of ---- in children.
According to Patterson's Coercion Model of Aggression, three steps lead to delinquency: I) Children learn to be aggressive by observing coercive and antisocial behavior in the parents. Such parents respond to a child's noncompliance with increasingly coercive and aggressive behaviors. Poor parenting practices then unwittingly reinforce coercive behavior on the part of the child. A cycle of escalating coerciveness ensues. The child's coercive behavior leads to conduct problems. II) The child with conduct problems experiences academic failure and peer rejection. III) The child then experiences a depressed mood and is more likely to join a deviant peer group. Inconsistency in parenting is most linked with conduct problems, not consistently strict parenting (Response 2). In fact, parents may alternate between a permissive and explosive parenting style. Physical discipline (Response 4) was not singled out as the cause of aggressiveness in children, although inappropriate and inconsistent physical discipline can certainly play a part in the cycle of coercive behavior. The factors of empathy and mutual positive affectivity (Response 3) are highlighted in the Kochanska's work on the development of conscience in children.
250
---- estimates for autism spectrum disorder are quite high (ranging from about ---% to ----% in twin studies), with as many as ---% of all cases of autism spectrum disorder associated with a known genetic mutation (Response 1, correct answer). Other risk factors for autism spectrum disorder include advanced --- and low ----.
Heritability estimates for autism spectrum disorder are quite high (ranging from about 35% to 90% in twin studies), with as many as 15% of all cases of autism spectrum disorder associated with a known genetic mutation (Response 1, correct answer). Other risk factors for autism spectrum disorder include advanced parental age and low birth weight. Autism spectrum disorder has not been associated with emotional deprivation (Response 2), perinatal trauma (Response 3), or maternal substance use
251
Emotions available to us at birth? (DIC)
Can't feel DIC
| distress, contentment, interest
252
Emotions available at 6 months? (ASDICS)
anger, surprise, disgust, interest, content, sadness
253
Social referencing happens by when?
12 months
254
Emotions available at 24 months? (EEE)
empathy, envy, embarrassment
255
Culturally shared emotions (CRISSAL FDS)
CONTEMPT, REMORSE, INTEREST, SADNESS, SURPRISE, ANGER, LOVE, FEAR, DISGUST, SHAME
256
Poverty increases rates of pre and post natal infant deaths by ---%
50%
257
The most important emotional development for teens is?
self acceptance
258
Minorities have an increased rate of ____, ____, ____, ___and lower ratees of ____
single parent home, poverty, drug use, STDs
| lower rates of education
259
homicide rates for african americans are --- times higher than whites.
6x
260
---% of teens report using condoms
60%
261
Higher cases of AIDS cases are ____. 51% were ____ and 75% were ____.
african american
51%-boys
75% girls
262
1 in ___ adolescents drop out of high school
-- out of ___ inmates dropped out of high school
drop outs are ---x more likely to be unemployed
1 in 8
4 of 5 inmates
2x
