other Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
nominative
A
A and S agree
2
Q
accusative
A
o is solo
3
Q
absolutive
A
s and o agree
4
Q
ergative
A
a is solo
5
Q
isolating
A
few morphemes per word
one meaning per morpheme
6
Q
agglutinating
A
many morphemes per word
one meaning per morpheme
7
Q
fusional
A
few morphemes per word
many meanings per morpheme
8
Q
polysynthetic
A
many morphemes and means per morpheme per word
9
Q
ego moving
A
you move through time
10
Q
time moving
A
time moves past you
11
Q
language shift
A
the process in which members of a group replace their language with that of another group
12
Q
templatic morphology
A
vowel patterns get added to the root in a similar way as prefixes and suffixes
13
Q
language isolate
A
a language with no known relatives living or dead
14
Q
semantic typology I
A
motion verb is conflated with the manner of motion
15
Q
type 2
A
motion + path
16
Q
type 3
A
motion + figure
17
Q
phonetics
A
individuals sounds
18
Q
phonology
A
sound patterns
19
Q
language family
A
a group of languages that descended from a common ancestor language
20
Q
language areas
A
by region
21
Q
language types
A
by features
22
Q
dialect continua
A
a region in which a single language is poken but wherein that language is characterized by reduced mutual intelligibility at a greater distance
23
Q
kurgan hypothesis
A
theory on how proto indo euro spread
24
Q
false friends
A
words that look the same but are not
25
language varieties
any form of language seen as systematically different from others
26
systematic sound correspondence
sounds that differ systematically between related words in different languages
27
cognates
shared words between two languages of the same family
28
arguments
any element of a sentence that is required by verbs (nouns)
29
consonants
voicing, place, manner
30
vowels
height, rounding, backness
31
cultural parity
cultures are equal, no reason for one culture to want to be like another
32
typology
classifying languages by features rather than geography or history
33
lexical categories
parts of speech
34
syntactic roles
grammatical relations, subject and object
35
basic word order
SVO or SOV
36
indo european
- slavic, germanic, italic
- agreement
- grammatical gender
37
grammatical gender
nouns are divided into classes characterized by "sex"
38
agreement
when words change to match a characterisitic of another part of the sentence
39
finno urgic (urlaic)
- finnish, hungarian, estonian
- lots of cases
- vowel harmony
40
language isolate
- a language with no known relatives living or dead
| - basque
41
caucaus
- language area
- SOV word order
- glottalized consanants
- MAD case system
42
slavic
- conservative
- rich fusional morphology
- lots of palatal consonants
- crazy consonant clusters
43
italic
- complex verb conjugations
- strict SVO word order
- grammatical gender
44
semetic
-afroasiatic
-ejectives
-veleraized consonants
pharyngealized consanants
-templatic
45
templatic morphology
- stems consist of 3 consonants
| - vowel patterns added to root like an affix
46
berber language
- templatic morphology
| - ergative absolutive pattern
47
chadic languages
- afro asiatic
- emphatic implosive consonants
- grammatical gender SVO word order
- almost all tonal
48
cushitic languagues
- implosive consanants
- SVO word order
- tonal
49
omotic languages
benc-non tones
| -ejective emphatics
50
language shift
the process in which members of a group replace their language with the language of another group
51
prestige
social value of a person place thing or language
52
noun classes
a system for dividing nouns into natural classes usually based on some property of the noun
53
nilo saharan
- most tonal
- sometimes agglutinating sometimes isolating
- many vowel changes
54
afro asiatic
- templatic (sem, ber, egp
| - tone (chd,omo)
55
niger congo
- crazy noun classes
| - language shift causing prestige
56
khosian languages
- weird consonants
| - clicks
57
priming
-exposure to a stimulus influences reponse to a later stimulus
58
linguistic relativity
the languages we speak affect our cognitiion
59
frequency
number of vibrations per second
60
pitch
perceptual property of sound
| not measureable
61
tone
exploiting changes in pitch to mark difference in meaning
62
contour tone
patterns of rise and fall in tone
63
intonation
exploiting changes in pitch to mark differences in meaning]
| -property of sentence not word
64
suprasegmental
- a property of a segment that can change the meaning of a word
65
classifiers
- words or morphemes that specify the semantic class to which a noun belongs
- typically used in numerals
66
wh- in situ
wh words stay in their seats
| syntax of questions and answers are directly paralell
67
sino tibetan
- huge
- isolating morphology
- frequency, pitch, tone, intonation
- classifiers
68
tonogenesis
-the evolution of contrative pitch(tone) from other contrasts
69
altaic languages
- SOV word order
- nom/accusative
- agglutinative
- vowel harmony
- cognates are hard to find
- controversial
70
honorifics
marking indicates a speakers attitude towards the person they are adressing
71
austronesian features
- inventories & syllable structure
- infixation and reduplication
- voice systems
- open syllable
72
open syllable languages
-almost every consanant is followed by a vowel
73
contrative burden
-idea that each aspect of language does some but not all of differentation work
74
infixation
inserting afix into middle of the stem
75
reduplication
repetition of a whole or partial system that encodes meaning
76
voice systems
systems that allow speakers to change the syntactic role of sentential element
-active voice versus passive voice
77
pronominal politeness system
systems for showing politeness to a conversation partner by using special pronouns for them
78
australian languges
- agglutinating morphology
- suffixes common, prefixes rare
- few vowel sounds
- non configurational word order
79
split case system
-case system that changes depending on grammatical context
80
australian languages
- languages not well studies
- extinction, contraction
- contact induced change
81
modifiers
words and phrases that limit interpretive options for other words and phrases in sentence
82
clause
group of words centered around a verb
83
possessive phrase
a group of two nouns where one owns the other
84
syntactic embedding
inclusion of one clause inside of another
85
head
most important words in the clause
86
dependents
depend on the head
87
north american languages
clauses and possessives
- heads and dependents]
- headedness
88
meso american language area
- larger populations
- centralized governments
- sedentary lifestyles
- technology/calendar
- uto aztecan, oto menguean, mayan languages
89
uto aztecan
- USA and MEX
- US cluster is controversial
- MEX not so much
- agglutinating
- few sounds
90
andean languages
- ejective consonants
- gglutinating morphology
- nom/acc case system
- Quechan/Aymara
91
amazonian languages
- arawak
- carib
- chinchan
- linguistic exogamy
92
linguistic exogamy
marriage practice where speakers of one language are only allowed to take speakers of a different language as a spouse
93
piraha
- small sound inventory
- free variation
- whistling
- few numbers
94
free variation
being able to switch two sounds without changing the meaning of the word
95
decimal system
base 10 number system
96
vigesimal system
base 20 number system
97
pidgin
- a simplified language with no native speakers formed when two groups of people have no other language in common
98
substrate languages
-native languages of pidgin speakers, provide pidgin with deep structure
99
superstrate language
- the dominant language
| - provides pidgin with surface structure
100
creole
- natural language developed from pidgin
- has native speakers
- does not vary
- structure no longer simplified
101
sudden death
language dies because all speakers are killed or isolated
102
top down death
language dies because an outside group destroys it
103
bottom up death
language dies because speakers stop using it
