Other Important Tests and Procedures Ch. 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Another name for red blood cells
A
Erythrocytes
2
Q
The healthy man has about ___ million RBC’s
A
5
3
Q
Another word for white blood cells
A
Leukocytes
4
Q
The major functions of the WBC’s are to
A
- fight against infection
- defend the body by phagocytosis against foreign substances
- produce antibodies in the immune response
5
Q
WBC’s have average
A
5,000 to 10,000
6
Q
There are two types of WBC’s
A
Granular and Nongranular leukocytes
7
Q
Granulocytes present in their cytoplasm
A
Granulocytes
8
Q
Granulocytes are divided into 3 types of groups
A
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
9
Q
Make up 60% to 70% of the total number of WBC’s
A
Neutrophils
10
Q
Make up 2% to 4% of the total number of WBC’s
A
Eosinophils
11
Q
Make up only about 0.5% to 1% of the total WBC’s
A
Basophils
12
Q
Activated by allergies
A
Eosinophils
13
Q
Primary cellular defense against bacterial organisms through a process of phagocytsis; Bacterial infection, inflammation
A
Neutrophils
14
Q
Ingestion of foreign material is called
A
phagocytosis
15
Q
Considered to be phagocytic and contains heparin, histamines, and serotonin; Myeloprolifeative disorders (blood)
A
Basophils
16
Q
2 groups for Nongranular leukocytes
A
Monocytes and lymphocytes
17
Q
They do not contain granules
A
Nongranular leukocytes
18
Q
The largest of the WBC’s and make up 3% to 8%
A
Monocytes
19
Q
Make up 20% to 25% of WBC’s (cyte)
A
Lymphocytes
20
Q
seen in chronic infections and malignancies
A
Monocytes
21
Q
Seen in viral infections
A
Lymphocytes
22
Q
Lymphocytes can be divided into two categories:
A
B cells and T cells
23
Q
Makes up 10% to 30% of the total lymphocytes
A
B cells
24
Q
Makes up 70% to 90% of the total lymphocytes
A
T cells
25
Formed in the bone marrow, further divide into either plasma cells or memory cells
B cells
26
Formed in the thymus
T cells
27
_________ are the smallest of the formed elements in the blood
Platelets
28
What is a another word for platelets
Thombocytes
29
Platelets are described as
round or oval, flattened, and disk- shaped in appearance
30
Where are platelets produced?
Bone marrow
31
What is the normal platelet count is
150,000 to 350,000 mm3
32
A low platelet count is called
Thrombocytopenia
33
From the back of chapter
In the healthy woman, what is the hematocrit percentage?
42%
34
Which of the following represent the primary defense against bacterial organism through phagocytosis
Neutrophils
35
What is the hb value for men?
14 to 16 g%
36
What percent of the normal WBC count are neutrophils?
60% to 70%
37
In the healthy man , what is the RBC count?
5,000,000/ mm3
38
What is the normal WBC count?
5,000 to 10,000/ mm3
39
Which of the following are activated by allergies ( such as an allergic asthmatic episodes?
Eosinophils
40
Various clinical procedures such as bronchoscopy or the insertion of an arterial catheter are generally safe when the platelet count is no lower than which of the following?
50,000/ mm3
41
Which of the following are associated with hyperglycemia? (4)
- Diabetes mellitus
- Myocardial infraction
- Thiazide and loop diuretics
- Acute infection
42
Which of the following are clinical manifestations associated with hyponatremia
- Seizures
- Confusion
- Muscle twitching
- Abdominal cramps
43
This can be obtained by expectoration tracheal suction or bronchoscopy
Sputum examination
44
Gram negative organism examples
Klebsiella
pseudiomans
Haemophilus influenzae
Legionella pneumophial
45
Gram- Positive organism examples
Streptoccus (80% of all bacterial pneumonias)
Staphyloccus
46
Viral Organism examples
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Respiratory syncytial virus
47
Acute infection is what color sputum
Yellow
48
Bronchial astma sputum
Thick, stringy and white mucoid
49
Presence of old blood, fresh blood
Brown or red
50
A sample for _____________ ___________ can be obtained by expectoration, tracheal suction, bronchoscopy
sputum examination
51
This test is performed to diagnose bacterial infection, select an antibiotic, and evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy and takes 48 to 72 hours
culture and sensitivity study
52
This is perfumed to classify bacteria into gram- negative or gram- positive, and is a faster test
gram staining
53
gram negative is
gram positive is
pink; purple
54
Cytology is defined as
the study of cells
55
This is performed to determine the presence of acid fast bacilli and is done with 3 early morning sputum samples(TB)
acid- fast smear and culture
56
A _______ test is done to identify allergic reactions or exposure to TB
skin test
57
A positive skin test results indicates
the patient has been exposed to the antigen but does not mean the pt has that active disease
58
A negative test result indicates
the patient has had no exposures to the antigen
59
3 mm >means,
and will need the following test perform to clarify that
positive; 2nd skin test, blood test, chest X-ray
60
Bronchoscopy can be
diagnostics or therapeutic
61
Performed when an infectious disease is suspected and not otherwise diagnosed or obtain a lung biopsy sample when the abnormal lung tissue is located on or new the bronchi
diagnostic bronchoscopy
62
Involves injecting a small amount (30 mL) of sterile saline through the bronchoscope and withdrawing the fluid the examinations
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
63
This used to diagnose Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
BAL
64
Therapeutic bronchoscopy includes
1. suctioning of excessive secretions or mucous plugs, especially when lung atelectasis is present
2. removal of foreign bodies or malignant lesions obstructioning airways
3.selective lavage
4. management of life- threatening hemoptysis
65
Performed during a bronchoscopy to help establish the stage on lung cancer
endobronchial ultrasounds (EBUS)
66
This test is used to inspect and perform biopsy of lymph nodes in the anterior mediastinal area.... and is used to diagnose
Mediastinoscopy; carcinoma, granulomatous infections and sarcoidosis
67
A small incision is made into the chest wall, and a device called thoraoscope is inserted.........
and can diagnosed TB mesothelioma, and metastatic cancer
VATS;
68
_______________ bronchoscopy is a 3D bronchoscopy done as part of CT
Navigation
69
Procedure in which excess fluid accumulation (pleural effusion) between the chest cavity and lungs (pleural space) requires a long needle
Thoracentesis
70
Maybe perform to identify the cause of pleural effusion
Diagnostic thoracentesis
71
Maybe performed to relieve SOB or pain caused by a large pleural effusion
Therapeutic thoracentesis
72
Performed to prevent the recurrence of a pneumothorax
Pleurodesis
73
Complications of plerodesis are
-Superinfection
-bleeding
-ARDS
-pneumothorax and respiratory failure
-Talc and doxycycline can cause fever and pain
74
The study of blood
Hematology
75
The CBC includes
RBC's, Hb, hematocrit, total WBC and at least an estimate of platelet count
76
types of anemia
- iron deficiency
- pernicious anemia
- sickle cell anemia
77
High WBC means what kind of infection
Bacterial infection
78
Low WBC means
Viral infections
79
Name WBC's that increase Bacterial infection, inflammation
Neutrophil
80
WBC's increase Allergic reaction, parasitic infection
Eosinophils
81
WBC increase Myeloproliferative disorders
Basophil
82
WBC increase chronic infections, malignancies
Monocyte
83
Lymphocyte WBC increase
viral infection
84
In a healthy man the Hct is...... in women its........ in newborns its
45%; 42%; 45%-60%
85
Mean cell volume ranges from, for both men and women
87-103
86
Glucose normal value
70-110 mg/ dL
87
Common abnormal findings for glucose
-Hyperglycemia (excess glucose level)
-Diabetes mellitus
-Acute infection
-Myocardial infarction
88
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) normal value
80-120 wacker units
89
Common abnormal findings for LDH (increases)
-Myocardial infarction
-chronic hepatitis
-PNA
-pulmonary infarction
90
Serum glutamic oxlocetic transaminase (SGOT) normal range
8-33 U/ mL
91
SGOT abnormal findings increases with
- myocardial infarction
- CHF
-pulmonary infarction
92
Aspartate aminotransferase normal ranges (AST)
7- 40 units/L
(0.12- 0.67)
93
AST abnormal findings increases with
- Acute aminotransferase hepatitis
-liver disease
- myocardial infarction
- pulmonary infection
94
Bilirubin normal ranges
Adult 0.1- 1.2 mg/ dL
Newborn 1-12 mg/ dL
95
Bilirubin abnormal findings increases with
-Massive hemolysis
- hepatitis
96
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) normal ranges
8- 18 mg /dL
97
BUN abnormal findings increases with
Acute or chronic renal failure
98
Serum creatine normal ranges
0.6- 1.2 mg/dL
99
Serum creatine abnormal findings increases with
renal failure
100
Sodium (Na+) normal values
136-142 mEq/ L
101
Na+ abnormal findings
- Hypernatremia (excessive Na+)
- Dehydration
- Hyponatremia (low Na+)
- Sweating
- Burns
102
Clinical manifestations of Na+
- Desiccated mucous membranes
- Flushed skin
- Great thirst
- Dry tongue
- Seizures
103
Potassium (K+) normal ranges
3.8- 5.0 mEq/L
104
K+ abnormal findings
- Hyperkalemia (excess K+)
- Renal failure
- Muscle tissue damage
- Hypokalemia (low K+)
- Diarrhea
105
Clinical manifestations of K+
- irritability
- nausea
- diarrhea
- weakness
- hypotension
106
Chloride (CI-) normal ranges
95- 103 mEq/L
107
Calcium (Ca++) normal ranges
4.5- 5.4 mEq/L
108
Ch.p 10
Oxygen therapy protocol treats
Hypoxemia
109
Broncho pulmonary hygiene protocol
Signs or symptoms of retained secretions
110
Coarse crackles indicates
retained secretions
111
Lung expansion therapy protocol treats
Volume loss, or atelectasis
112
Aerosolized Medication Therapy protocol treats
Bronchospasm; COPD or Asthma
113
Clinical data:Opacity on chest radiograph
Assessment:Infiltrates or effusion
What is the Treatment?
Treat underlying condition
114
Clinical data: Restrictive pulmonary test values
Assessment:Consolidation
What is the Treatment?
No specific, effective respiratory care treatment
