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Other Information Final Flashcards

1
Q

How do you use the energy of triacylglycerides?

A

through beta oxidation of the fatty acids

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2
Q

Difference between sphingolipid and sphingophospholipid?

A

Sphingophospholipid has a phosphate group attached

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3
Q

What bond connects a sphingophospholipid?

A

an amide bond connects to the phosphate

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4
Q

What bond connects a glycerophospholipid?

A

an ester bond connects to the phosphate

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5
Q

phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate

A

is a type of glycerophospholipid

commonly known as PIP2

second messenger used in a variety of pathways

we talk about it being cleaved in DAG and IP3 to release Ca2+

cleaved by phospholipase C in this pathway

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6
Q

phosphatidylserine

A

a type of glycerophospholipids

found on the interior of membranes

abbreviated PS

charge is -1

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7
Q

phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate

A

charge is -4

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8
Q

phosphatidylcholine

A

a type of glycerophospholipid

found on the outer leaflet of membranes

abbreviated PC

charge is 0

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9
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine

A

a type of glycerophospholipid

found on the interior of membranes

abbreviate PE

charge is 0

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10
Q

Do all organelle membranes have the same composition of phospholipids?

A

no

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11
Q

What can happen if you can’t break individual sugars off of gangliosides?

A

diseases such as Tay Sachs when the enzyme does not work and lipids built up inside of the cell

GM2 is the lipid before Tay Sachs and would build up

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12
Q

sphingosine head

A

has a double bonded carbon followed by a branching -OH group

after the -OH group, things like amide groups can be attached to link phosphate groups or more sugars

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13
Q

What is bile acid?

A

a type of sterol

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14
Q

What are the three types of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, or leukotrienes

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15
Q

What type of inhibition do NSAIDs use to block prostaglandins from producing inflammatory response?

A

competitive inhibition

they block COX enzyme which synthesizes prostaglandin

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16
Q

What is an example of an NSAID?

A

ibuprofin

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17
Q

How do we make sure people get vitamin A?

A

put it in rice

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18
Q

Why does the body need vitamin K?

A

needs to be able to convert GLU to GLA residues

this activates an enzyme which cleaves prothrombin to thrombin

thrombin then cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin which causes the clotting of blood

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19
Q

Warfarin

A

is an antagonist and blood thinner

competes with Vitamin K to bind to enzyme that cleaves prothrombin to thrombin

when Warfarin binds there is less blood clotting because thrombin is not activated

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20
Q

Antagonist

A

type of ligand or drug that binds to a site and blocks the receptor rather than activating it

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21
Q

What do vitamin K and vitamin E have?

A

isoprene units

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22
Q

What is an example of a sphingophospholipid?

A

sphingomyelin

one phosphate group for one fatty acid chain

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23
Q

How can you recognize the structure of cholesterol?

A

the polar -OH group on the steriod head

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24
Q

How does vitamin D3 get converted into usable nutrients?

A

by the liver and kidneys

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25
Where do we get vitamin D from?
UV light in the sun
26
What happens if you can't break down sphingomyelin?
Niemann-Pick disease
27
Epimers
configuration of carbohydrate differs at a single carbon
28
Alpha versus beta carbohydrates
- OH group at anomeric carbon points upward is a beta carbohydrate - OH group at anomeric carbon points downwards is an alpha carbohydrate
29
Hemiacetal versus hemiketal
Hemiacetal is -OH, -OR, -H, and -R Hemiketal is -OH, -OR, -R1, and -R2
30
How is a hemiacetal formed?
-OH group attacks carbonyl group at the anomeric carbon
31
Anomeric carbon
in a ring structure, this is the carbonyl that was attacked to form a hemiacetal/hemiketal
32
mutarotation
flipping between alpha and beta form at anomeric carbon
33
What happens once you have a glycosidic bond?
no more mutarotation hemiacetal is replaced with an acetal group
34
Non-reducing sugars
sugars that do not have an open anomeric end (no hemiacetal / hemiketal) need to be able to linearize in order to be a reducing sugar
35
Starch and glycogen
Homopolysaccharides of glucose used to store energy Connected at alpha 1-4 Branched at 1-6 Can break down starch and glycogen at the alpha 1-4 linkage
36
Does glycogen phosphorylase bind to the reducing or nonreducing end of glycogen?
binds to nonreducing ends there are more nonreducing ends to bind to so it is more efficient there is only one reducing end
37
Alpha linkages versus beta linkages structure
Alpha linkages are helical and can hydrogen bond with water Beta linkages are zig zagged and hydrogen bond with themselves We can break down alpha linkages but not beta linkages
38
Cellulose and Chitin
use beta linkages so we cannot break them down need to use bacteria in the gut to do this used more for structure, while starch and glycogen are used for energy storage
39
What are blood types produced by?
sphingolipids with different oligosaccharide chains
40
How can the cell change and respond to a signal?
cellular environment protein activity gene expression
41
CFTR chloride transport
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) a membrane protein that transports chlorides *need to look at more info on pg 415
42
Pertussis toxin
prevents GDP exchange for GTP in Gai leads to sustained activation of adenyl cyclase and elevated cAMP levels
43
Gai versus Gas subunits
Activating Gai leads to inactivation of adenyl cyclase Gas subunit stimulates activation of adenyl cyclase
44
Cholera toxin versus pertussis toxin
Cholera works on the Gas subunit while pertussis works on the Gai both lead to same response and activation of adenyl cyclase
45
What type of inhibitor is viagra?
viagra works as an competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase prevents breakdown of cGMP
46
Herceptin (what it is and the ways it works)
monoclonal antibody that binds to the HER2 protein Tyrosine kinase is HER2 protein in cancer cells Cancer cells have many more tyrosine kinase receptors in order to bind growth factor even in low concentrations herceptin binds to tyrosine kinase and target them for the immune system herceptin also works as an antagonist and blocks growth factor from entering the tyrosine kinase
47
What is the advantage of using a monoclonal antibody to target cancer cells?
all the antibodies are uniform which prevents side effects
48
Vassopressin
does the opposite of viagra and triggers vassoconstriction is an example of a peptide hormone elevates Ca2+ levels Presses those veins together!
49
How do constituents of the cell membrane freely move?
through non-covalent weak interactions
50
Amphoteric membrane proteins
not permanently associated with the cell membrane but associate dyanmically peripheral membrane proteins are like this too
51
Which direction do flippases and floppases move?
flippases move stuff from extracellular leaflets to intracellular leaflets floppases move stuff from intracellular leaftlets to extracellular leaflets
52
Chloride bicarbonate transporter
passive transporter moves negative bicarbonate out of the cell and negative chloride into the cell maintains electrical balance antiport: molecules move in opposite directions
53
Lactose transporter
Secondary active transporter Initial endergonic pumping of H+ out / the exergonic flow of H+ in is coupled to allow lactose to flow against its gradient After H+s are pumped against their gradient, they fall back down their natural gradient and take lactose with them Hydrogen cyanide can block the lactose transporter
54
Sodium-potassium pump
primary active transporter pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in Cotransporter: phosphorylation of a critical Asp causes conformational changes
55
Glycogen phosphorylase
breaks off a glucose from a glycogen chain triggered in response to a phosphorylation cascade that begins with PKA inhibited by insulin
56
Posterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus dumps vassopressin and oxytoxin to posterior pituitary through a neuron then, posterior pituitary distributes these hormones into the bloodstream
57
anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus sends tropic hormones to the anterior pituitary through the blood stream
58
thermogenin
used in brown adipose cells to generate heat disrupts mitochondrial membranes
59
How do you breakdown fatty acids?
beta oxidation
60
Two examples of ketoacids
acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate
61
How do you have both ketoacidosis and high blood sugar levels in diabetes?
the cell does not have enough internal sugar, so goes into panic mood and does gluconeogenesis cell ends up producing more glucose and putting in blood stream at the same time, don't have enough sugar in cell so have to use lipids for fuel and go into ketoacidosis
62
From which end do you start labeling omega carbons on fatty acids?
Start from the opposite end of the carboxylic acid
63
What does GTPase do?
hydrolyzes GTP to GDP turns off activated g-proteins
64
How are the D/L configurations of carbohydrates related?
they are enantiomers
65
Which subunit does cholera bind to?
the g-alpha subunit prevents GTP from becoming GDP
66
Example of a peptide hormone
insulin
67
Example of a catelcholamine hormone
epinephrine
68
What do you use to make fatty acids in the liver?
acetyl coA
69
What does not happen to amino acids in the liver?
they are not stored for later use either made into new proteins, used to make pyruvate, precursors for nucleotide synthesis
70
What are the substrates and products of PFK?
fructose 6-phosphate + ATP --> fructose 1,6-bisphose + ADP

Biochem (20 decks)

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