Other Movement Disorders (2) Flashcards
What are the different types of abnormal movement?
• Tremor – Oscillatory, typically rhythmic and regular
• Dystonia – Sustained, twisting and frequently repetitive with prolonged abnormal postures. dystonic movements repeatedly involve the same group of muscles i.e. are patterned.
• Chorea – Involuntary, irregular, purposeless, nonrhythmic, abrupt, rapid, unsustained movements that seem to flow from one body part to another.
• Myoclonus – Sudden, brief, shock-like involuntary movements caused by muscular contractions (positive myoclonus) or inhibitions (negative myoclonus e.g. asterixis seen in liver disease)
• Tics – Abrupt sudden isolated movements. consists of abnormal movements (motor tics) or abnormal sounds (phonic tics).
Tremor:
What are the types?
What is a Functional tremor?
→ What is it exacerbated by?
➊ Resting (PD), Postural, Intention (Cerebellar)
➋ Fine, low amp, high freq. tremor
→ Stress, metabolic/endocrine disorders (thyroid, hypocalcaemia), drugs (nicotine, thyroxine, steroids, caffeine)
Dystonia:
What is this?
What is Adult-Onset Focal Dystonia?
What is Writer’s cramp?
What is the difference between this, akathasia, and tardive dykinesia?
➊ Syndrome of sustained muscle contractions producing abnormal postures or repetitive movements involving different distributions
➋ Most common type of primary focal dystonia, and is typically a Cervical dystonia
➌ Form of dystonia, with a typical onset in 20s-30s – Abnormal posture only when writing, not with other movements
➍ * Dystonia - sustained or repetitive muscle contractions occurring involuntarily, resulting in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures
* Akathasia - psychomotor restlessness, accompanied by mental distress and an inability to sit still
* Tardive dyskinesia - involuntary repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips
Chorea:
What are the causes of Primary chorea?
What are the causes of Secondary chorea?
➊ • Neurodegenerative causes – Huntington’s Disease
• Wilson’s disease, Benign hereditary chorea
➋ • Sydenham’s chorea
• SLE
• Drug-induced
Post-hypoxic Myoclonus:
What occurs in the acute type?
What is Chronic type known as?
→ What is it?
→ What occurs here?
➊ Usually within 48hrs after hypoxic insult in a deeply comatose pt, and indicates a poor prognosis
➋ Lance-Adams Syndrome
→ Intentional myoclonus several days after hypoxic brain insult
→ Clonic movements, triggered by intentional action or external stimuli, and relieved at resting or during sleep
