Other Questions Exam 2

Question 1

What happens if there is a defect in the SRY gene?

Answer 1

A female develops in a genetic male

Question 2

Impact of absence of 17 alpha hydroxylase

Answer 2

There is no testosterone but still AMH so no internal genitalia but externally female

Question 3

Impact of absence of 5 alpha redux tase

Answer 3

No DHT so internally male but externally female

Question 4

What makes up a follicle?

Answer 4

A primary oocytes encased in a granulosa then the thecal layer (inner to outer)

Question 5

What do follicles produce?

Answer 5

Estradiol

Question 6

What becomes the corpus luteum?

Answer 6

Granulosa cells after the rupture and release of primary oocyte

Question 7

What does the corpus luteum produce?

Answer 7

Progesterone until day 26

Question 8

What happens during the follicular phase(5-14)

Answer 8

Cells begin division estradiol is released from follicles and endometrium is rebuilt and there is negative feedback at pituitary

Question 9

What happens during the literal phase 14-26

Answer 9

Corpus luteum releases progesterone and maintains the endometrium. Epithelial cells secrete

Question 10

What happens at day 26?

Answer 10

If no fertilization, there is a drop in progesterone capillaries constrict and there is endometrium death. Stage set for menses

Question 11

What happens day 0-5

Answer 11

Menses where capillaries re open and old cells are shed

Question 12

What is the target of LH and FSH in females?

Answer 12

Follicle

Question 13

What does the follicle release?

Answer 13

Inhibin B and estradiol

Question 14

What are the 2 actions of estradiol?

Answer 14

It stimulates the endometrium to divide (endocrine action) and the follicular cells to divide and get larger

Question 15

What does estradiol do negative feedback in expression in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 15

LH

Question 16

What does endocrine negative feedback do with the pulse generator?

Answer 16

Negative feedback on LH and FSH

Question 17

What is inhibin B action in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 17

It causes a decrease in FSH B gene expression

Question 18

What happens at day 14?

Answer 18

Estradiol has a positive feedback on pulse generator to cause more GnRH release. This also has positive feedback on FSH and LH gene expression to cause more FSH and LH this leads to ovulation

Question 19

What do corpus luteum cells secret?

Answer 19

Progesterone and estradiol

Question 20

Where is pregnenolone turned into androstenedione in females?

Answer 20

Theca cell

Question 21

Where is androstenedione turned into estradiol?

Answer 21

Granulosa cell

Question 22

What converts androstenedione to estradiol?

Answer 22

Aromatase

Question 23

Which cell does LH target in females? FSH?

Answer 23

LH —> theca FSH —> granulosa

Question 24

What does FSH do at granulosa to aid in estradiol from androstenedione?

Answer 24

cAMP/PKA pathway to increase expression of aromatase

Question 25

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the granulosa cell?

Answer 25

Aromatase

Question 26

What is analogous in males and females cellular?

Answer 26

Theca and leydig

Question 27

What happens when the corpus luteum starts to produce progesterone?

Answer 27

Low GnRH and no LH/FSH quiet period where the endometrium is maintained

Question 28

Why isn’t there any more progesterone release at day 26?

Answer 28

The corpus luteum undergoes cell death

Question 29

Because no progesterone is released from corpus luteum

Answer 29

The endometrium dies

Question 30

At day 0 which hormones are released again?

Answer 30

LH and FSH

Question 31

What happens at ovulation?

Answer 31

Hormones bind to ion channels and water is kept until the follicle bursts releasing an oocyte into the Fallopian tube

Question 32

How is the endometrium maintained when fertilization occurs?

Answer 32

The embryo releases HCG which tells the corpus luteum to keep releasing progesterone

Question 33

What are the factors that can terminate a pregnancy?

Answer 33

If no HCG is released from the embryo with fertilization If HCG receptor is faulty and HCG does not reach corpus luteum Corpus luteum stops making progesterone before week 9 Placenta doesn’t make progesterone at week 9, no hand off

Question 34

How does the morning after pill work?

Answer 34

It interferes with the movement of sperm in the uterus

Question 35

How does the combination pill work?

Answer 35

Progesterone is taken at the start of the cycle so that the release of LH and FSH is suppressed and no mature follicle occurs so no ovulation

Question 36

How does RU-486 work?

Answer 36

This is an abortion pill that works by being a competitive inhibitor by binding to progesterone binding site so that the hsp doesn’t enter the cytoplasm and the hormone can’t enter the nucleus so the body thinks that it is at end of cycle and sheds endometrium

Question 37

Why is RU-486 only effective until 9th week?

Answer 37

The placenta makes its own progesterone at the 9th week