other subjects of IL

Question 1

Holy See

Answer 1

its legal personality can be explained historically as it maintained diplomatic relations without territory.
separate from Vatican City but represents it in international relations

Question 2

Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Answer 2

also historically explained, many states maintain diplomatic relations with it, it has advantages over other humanitarian organization

Question 3

International Committee of the Red Cross

Answer 3

partial legal personality, established under Swiss law
certain supervisory functions

Question 4

NGOs

Answer 4

• established under national law
• members are natural or legal persons
• they can influence subjects of IL: public opinion
• whether they have partial legal personality under IL is dependent on the particular organization’s rights and obligations under IL (some are granted consultative or observer status which gives them certain participation rights)

Question 5

individuals

Answer 5

before only objects, now also partial subjects of IL as they have rights and duties

Question 6

insurgent groups

Answer 6

organized groups of people who fight a government and exercise effective power over part of a state
- partial subject of IL on humanitarian grounds

Question 7

national liberation movements

Answer 7

particular case of insurgents invoking the right of self determination - further reaching but still partial legal personality

Question 8

TCNs

Answer 8

Transnational corporations
- companies under national law operating in several states
- partial legal personality under IL grants them certain rights
- they can directly turn to international dispute settlement bodies