Other Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the Integumentary System
A
- Protection
- Sensation
- Thermoregulation
- Excretion of sweat
- Vitamin D Synthesis
2
Q
Phases of Wound Healing
A
- Inflammatory Phase (1 to 10 days)
- Proliferative phase (3-21 days)
- Maturation Phase (7 days to 2 years)
3
Q
Def: Inflammatory Phase
A
- 1 to 10 days
- initial response
- mechanisms rapidly re-establish hemostasis by platelet activation and clotting cascade.
- mast cells, neutrophils, and leukocytes kill bacteria and remove debris
- clean wound bed. re-epithelialization begins.
4
Q
Def: Proliferative Phase
A
- 3 to 21 days
- granulation tissue and capillary buds
- keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts active.
- collagen matrix is formed
- skin integrity restored.
5
Q
Def: Maturation Phase
A
- 7 days to 2 years
- granulation tissue and epithelial differentiation appear.
- fiber reorganization shrink and thin the scar
- ## strengthened by collagen lysis and synthesis.
6
Q
How long will Hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic burns take to heal?
A
hypertrophic - up to 2 years to reach maturity
non-hypertrophic - 4 to 8 weeks
7
Q
Def: Primary Intention
A
- surgical incisions
- lacerations
- puncture
- superficial and partial thickness wounds
- wounds that can be stapled/sutured together
8
Q
Def: Secondary Intention
A
wounds close on their own without superficial closure.
- sig. tissue loss, necrosis, irregular margins, infection, debris.
- require ongoing wound care, larger scars.
9
Q
Def: Tertiary Intention
A
- delayed primary intention healing.
- left temporarily open
- once risk factors alleviated, the wound is closed and heals the rest of the way by primary intention.
10
Q
Def: abrasion
A
wound caused by combination of friction and shear forces, scraping away of skin’s superficial layers
11
Q
Def: Avulsion
A
(degloving), tension causes skin to become detached from underlying structures.
12
Q
Def: laceration
A
wound or irregular tear of tissues often associated with trauma.
13
Q
Def: penetrating
A
wound that enters the interior of an organ or cavity.
14
Q
Arterial Ulcer Characteristics
A
- lower 1/3 of leg, toes, web spaces, dorsal foot, lat. malleolus
- smooth edges, well defined, lack granulation, deep
- minimal exudate
- severe pain, diminished or absent pulse
- normal edema
- skin temp decreased, thin and shiny, hair loss, yellow nails, leg elevation increases pain.
15
Q
Arterial Ulcer Tx Recomendation
A
- rest
- avoid leg elevation
- avoid heat/soaking foot
16
Q
Venous Insufficiency Ulcers Characteristics
A
- proximal to medial malleolus
- irregular shape, shallow
- moderate/heavy exudate
- mild/mod pain
- normal pedal pulse
- increased edema
- skin is flaky, dry, brownish
- leg elevation improves pain
17
Q
Venous Insufficiency Ulcers Recommendations
A
- limb protection
- compression to control edema
- legs above heart when sleeping
- ## active exercise and ROM
18
Q
Neuropathic Ulcer Characteristics
A
- areas of foot susceptible to pressure/shear forces
- well-defined oval or circle, callused rim, cracked, no necrosis with good granulation
- low/mod exudate
- no pain
- pedal pulse diminished or absent
- normal edema, decreased skin temp
- dry, inelastic, shiny skin, decreased/absent sweat and oil production
- loss of protection sensation (10 gm monofilament)
19
Q
Wound Classification: Superficial
A
- trauma to skin, epidermis remains intact.
- ex: sunburn (no blistering)
- heal as inflammatory process
20
Q
Wound Classification: Partial-thickness
A
- extends through epidermis, and into dermis.
EX: abrasion, blister, skin tear. - heal by re-epithelialization/epidermal resurfacing
21
Q
Wound Classification: Full-thickness
A
- extends through dermis, into fat. any wound deeper than 4 mm
- heal by secondary intention
22
Q
Wound Classification: Subcutaneous
A
- involve subcutaneous fat, muscle, tendon, or bone
- require secondary healing
23
Q
Ulcer Grading (Wagner) - diabetic
A
Gr 0: no open lesion
Gr 1: superficial, no subcutaneous tissue
Gr 2: deep, through subcutaneous tissue
Gr 3: deep; osteitis, abscess, osteomyelitis
Gr 4: gangrene of digit
Gr 5: gangrene of foot requiring disarticulation
24
Q
Pressure Ulcer Staging
A
Stage 1: intact skin, non blanchable. Stage 2: partial thickness Stage 3: full thickness Stage 4: subcutaneous, bone tendon muscle Suspect Deep Tissue Injury: Unstageable
25
Def: Serous exudate
- clear, light color
- watery
- normal
26
Def: Sanguineous exudate
- red color
- thin, watery
- blood, can become brown if allowed to dehydrate
27
Def: Serosanguinous exudate
- light red/pink
| - thin, watery consistency
28
Def: Seropurulent exudate
- cloudy/opaque
- yellow or tan
- thin, watery
- early warning sign of impending infection
- abdnormal
29
Def: Purulent exudate
- yellow/green
- thick, viscous
- wound infection/abnormal
30
Dressing: Hydrocolloids
- gel-forming polymers
- anchors to intact surrounding skin
- used for partial and full-thickness wounds
- granular or necrotic wounds
POSITIVE: moist environnement, autolytic debridement, moderate absorption, waterproof surface
NEGATIVE: traumatize surrounding skin, roll, NOT WITH INFECTION
31
Dressing: Hydrogels
- moisture retentive
- superficial/partial thickness with minimal drainage
POSITIVE: moist environment, autolytic, reduce pressure/pain, coupling agent for US, adheres to wound minimally
NEGATIVE: dressing can dehydrate, cannot use with mod drainage, requires secondary dressing
32
Dressing: Foam
- allow exudate to be absorbed into the foam
- protection and absorption
- partial/full thickness with varying levels of exudate.
- POSITIVE: moist environment, adhesive and non-adhesive forms, prophylactic protection/cushioning, mod absorption.
- NEGATIVE: rolls, adhesives may traumatize periwound, wound inspection difficult
33
Dressing: Transparent Film
- permeable to vapor/oxygen
- countour/conform due to elasticity
- minimal drainage, up to partial-thickness
POSITIVE: moist, autolytic debridement, visualization, resistant to shearing, cost effective
NEGATIVE: not good at absorption, adhesive, DONT USE ON INFECTED WOUND
34
Dressing: Gauze
- impregnated gauze
- used on infected and non infected wounds of any size
POSITIVE: cost effective, modify number of layers
NEGATIVE: adheres to wound, highly permeable, frequent changes, prolonged use decreases cost effectiveness, increased infection rate.
35
Dressing: Alginates
- seaweed extraction (calcium salt)
- highly absorptive/permiable/non occlusive
- pressure/venous insufficiency ulcers
- infected wounds
POSITIVE: high absorption, protection from microbial contamination, non-adhering
NEGATIVE: frequent changes, secondary dressing, don't use with exposed tendon, etc.
36
def: desiccated
dry/dehydration of wound
37
def: desquamation
peeling or shedding of the outer layer of the epidermis
38
def: ecchymosis
the discoloration occurring below intact skin resulting from trauma to underlying blood vessels.
BLACK AND BLUE
39
def: turgor
the speed skin resumes is normal appearance after being lightly pinched.
indicator of skin elasticity and hydration
40
def: zone of coagulation
the area of burn that received the most severe injury/ irreversible cell damage
41
def: Zone of stasis
- burn area of less severe injury, surrounds zone of coagulation, damage is reversible
42
def: Zone of hypermia
- area surrounding zone of stasis (burn) that presents with inflammation, will recover fully without intervention
43
Def: Cellulitis
- fast spreading inflammation
- caused by bacterial infection (strep, staph)
- SXs: localized, spreading redness; local abscess, tenderness, chills, fever, malaise
- TX: referred to physician.
- cellulitis can lead to sepsis or gangrene
44
Def: Contact Dermatitis
- superficial irritation of skin
| - SXs: intense itching, burning, and red skin. Edema.
45
Def: Exzema
- dermatitis.
- SXs: red/brown-gray, itchy, lichenified skin plaques (thick, leathery skin). Younger population = oozing and crusting
- cold compression. stress management.
46
Def: Gangrene (DRY)
- loss of vascular supply, local tissue death
- not painful, may have pain at the line of demarcation.
- can result in autoamputation
- infection not present
- SXs: dark brown/black nonviable tissue. Pt may complain of cold/numb skin. pain.
47
Def: Gangrene (WET)
- bacterial infection
- swelling can cause stop of blood flow
- due to lack of blood supply, no WBCs to fight
- SXs: swelling and pain, skin brown/black, blisters with pus, fever, malaise
48
Def: Onychomycosis
nail fungus
49
Def: Plaque Psoriasis
- chronic autoimmune disease
- T cells trigger inflammation
- raised red patches
- itch and flake
50
Def: Tinea Pedis
Athletes Foot
51
Def: Tay-Sachs Disease
- metabolic disease
- absence/deficiency of hexosaminidase A
- SXs: at 6 months child will miss developmental milestones and will deteriorate in motor and cognitive skills. die by age of 5
52
Def: Wilson's Disease
- Metabolic
- AKA'd hepatolenticular degeneration
- can metabolize copper
- SXs: kayser-fleischer ring, degenerative changes in brain (basal ganglia), hepatitis, cirrhosis, athetoid movements, ataxic gait.
- TX: B6 and D-penicillamine. prevention of hepatic disease.
53
Type of Acid-Base Metabolic Disorders
1. Metabolic Alkalosis - increase in bicarbonate, loss of acids, pH above 7.45. (caused by vomiting, antacids, diuretic therapy)
2. Metabolic Acidosis - increased acids, bicarbonate loss, pH below 7.35. (caused by renal failure, starvation, ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, poisoning)
54
Type of Metabolic Bone Diseases
1. Osteomalacia - soft bones due to calcium or phosphorus deficiency.
2. Osteoporosis - brittle bones
3. Paget's Disease - heightened osteoclast activity. bones appear large but lack strength. >50 yo.
55
Def: Endocrine System
- consists of glands that secrete hormones.
- Works with nervous system to regulate:
(1) metabolism, (2) stress, (3) sexual
reproduction (4) blood pressure,
(5) water and salt balances
56
Def: Hypothalamus
- located below the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere
- connects to pituitary gland
- regulates ANS by impacting pituitary gland
57
Def: Pituitary Gland
- base of brain, beneath hypothalamus
- 2 glands (1) adenohypophysis (2) neurohypophysis.
- releases hormones that regulate other glands
- influenced by seasonal changes/emotional stress
58
Def: Thyroid Gland
- trachea
| - produces thyroxine and triiodthyronine, which control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from food.
59
Def: Parathyroid Gland
- 4 glands on posterior thyroid
- produce parathyroid hormone, which functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate.
- increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to the blood.
60
What is dependent on normal calcium levels in blood?
- normal clotting
- neuromuscular excitability
- cell membrane permeability
61
Def: Adrenal Glands
- located on kidneys
- ADRENAL CORTEX: produces corticosteroids, regulate water and sodium balance, response to street, immune system, sex, metabolism.
- ADRENAL MEDULLA: produces epinephrine, increases heart rate and blood pressure when stressed.
62
Def: Pancreas
- upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
- Alpha cells produce glucagon
- Beta cells produce insulin
- work together to maintain glucose levels and properly maintain stores of energy.
63
Def: Ovaries
- provide estrogen and progesterone.
estrogen: responsible for development and maintenance of female sex characteristics.
Progesterone: maintain the lining of the uterus at the level necessary for pregnancy.
64
Glands of Endocrine System
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary Gland
3. Thyroid Gland
4. Parathyroid gland
5. adrenal gland
6. Pancreas
7&8. Ovaries and Testes
