other terms

Question 1

Rhetors

Answer 1

Teachers of rhetoric (study and uses of language)

Question 2

Cult of Saints

Answer 2

veneration of saints as holy and powerful intercessors with God in Christian tradition

Question 3

Relics

Answer 3

Physical remains or objects associated with a holy figure or event, considered to have spiritual power or significance

Question 4

Pilgrimage

Answer 4

Journey made by an individual or group to a sacred place or shine, usually for religious reason

Question 5

imago dei

Answer 5

‘image of God,’ the idea that humans are created in the likeness of God

Question 6

Apocryphal Acts

Answer 6

non-canonical accounts of the deeds and teachings of Christian apostles and other early figures

Question 7

Acts of Paul & Thecla

Answer 7

Apocryphal acts that detail the Apostle Paul and his devout student Thecla

Question 8

Carthage

Answer 8

Powerful city-state in North Africa that rose in 5th cen BC, later a major center for Christianity and key player in the conflicts between Vandals, Byzantines, and Arab conquerors

Question 9

Manichaeism

Answer 9

dualistic religion with origins in Persia, combines elements of Christianity, Gnosticism, and Zoroastrianism

Question 10

Donatism

Answer 10

schismatic movement that emerged in North Africa, rigid insistence on purity of the church and exclusion of those who lapsed in faith during religious persecution (like Diocletian persecution)

Question 11

Pelagian Controversy

Answer 11

theological debate between pelagius and augustine over the nature of sin, free will, and grace

Question 12

Visigoths

Answer 12

Germanic peoples who established a kingdom in Iberia after the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Question 13

Vandals

Answer 13

Germanic peoples who established a kingdom in North Africa, known for sacking Rome in 455 and Nicene Christian persecution

Question 14

Huns

Answer 14

Nomadic peoples from Central Asia, created powerful empire under the leadership of Attila

Question 15

Ostrogoths

Answer 15

Germanic peoples who established a kingdom in Italy after the fall of the West Roman Empire, after they helped in the fall of the Empire

Question 16

magister militum

Answer 16

master of soldiers, highest military office

Question 17

Theodosian Code

Answer 17

Roman laws created in 438 that served as a primary legal authority in the Eastern Roman Empire

Question 18

Theotokos

Answer 18

“Mother of God,” referring to the Virgin Mary

Question 19

Council of Ephesus

Answer 19

affirmed the orthodox doctrine of the Incarnation, declared Mary as theotokos, and condemned Nestorianism

Question 20

Miaphysite

Answer 20

doctrine that emphasizes the unity between Jesus Christ’s divinity and humanity

Question 21

Council of Chalcedon

Answer 21

declared that Jesus Christ had two distinct natures, one divine and one human

Question 22

Anglo-Saxons

Answer 22

Germanic poeple who migrated to England in 5th-6th centuries, basis for English civilization

Question 23

Franks

Answer 23

confederation of Germanic tribes who emerged as a dominant force in Western Europe, eventually founded Frankish Empire

Question 24

Nika Revolt

Answer 24

deadly riot in Constantinople during 532, sparked by chariot race rivalry and fueled by social and political reasons (greens vs blues)

Question 25

Corpus Iuris Civilis

Answer 25

"Justinian Law Code," collection of Roman laws compiled under the direction of Justinian I

Question 26

Lombards

Answer 26

Germanic peoples who migrated to and established a kingdom in Italy following the Ostrogothic kingdom

Question 27

Salic law

Answer 27

code of laws that served as the basis for legal system of the Franks and other Germanic tribes, dealing with issues like inheritance, criminal law, and property rights

Question 28

wergeld

Answer 28

monetary compensation or payment used in Germanic societies as a means for resolving conflict

Question 29

trivium

Answer 29

lower division of the several liberal arts. grammar, logic, and rhetoric

Question 30

quadrivium

Answer 30

upper division of liberal arts. arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music

Question 31

vivarium

Answer 31

monastery founded by Cassiodorus in Southern Italy focused on preserving and studying classical literature

Question 32

exarch

Answer 32

governor or viceroy of large territorial jurisdiction in Byzantine Empire, direct representative of the Emperor

Question 33

Slavs & Avars

Answer 33

ethnic groups (slavs were eastern european, avars were central asian) that challenged the Byzantine Empire's control over the Balkans and contributed to the emergence of new policies in the region

Question 34

Ctesiphon

Answer 34

Ancient city located on the east bank of Tigris River, was a capital of Parthian and Sassanian Empires

Question 35

Zoroastrianism

Answer 35

Ancient Persian religion, monotheistic with the belief of good and evil, the worship of one God, and individual choice between right and wrong

Question 36

Mecca

Answer 36

the holiest city in Islam and the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad

Question 37

Medina

Answer 37

second holiest city in Islam, site of the first Islamic community established by the prophet Muhammad in 622

Question 38

kaaba

Answer 38

cube-shaped building, house of God, center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, focal point of worship

Question 39

Hijra

Answer 39

migration of the prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622

Question 40

caliph

Answer 40

successor to the prophet Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslim community

Question 41

Battle of Yarmuk

Answer 41

636 battle fought between Arab Muslim forces and Byzantine Empire, resulting in Muslim victory and opening the way for the Muslim conquest of Syria

Question 42

Rashidun Caliphate

Answer 42

first Islamic caliphate, ruled by the first four caliphs who succeeded the prophet Muhammad, characterized by significant expansion and consolidation of Muslim territories

Question 43

Umayyad Caliphate

Answer 43

second Islamic caliphate established after the death of the prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty

Question 44

Dhimmi

Answer 44

non-Muslims living under Islamic rule who are granted legal protection in exchange for paying special taxes and accepting certain restrictions on their religious practices

Question 45

Saracens

Answer 45

term commonly used in Medieval Europe to refer to Muslims of Arab and Berber origins