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HDM Final > Other things I forgot > Flashcards

Other things I forgot Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What do superantigens release when bound?

A

IL-1, IL-2, TNF

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2
Q

ICOS helps what function?

A

Treg for some reason

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3
Q

What creates a Th1 cell?

A

IL-12 –> Stat6 –> T-bet –> th1

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4
Q

What do Tem cells secrete?

A

IFN-gamma and TNF

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5
Q

What three things are needed for T cells to home into the LNs and get to their T cell zone?

A

CCR7, L-selectin, Integrins

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6
Q

Th1 cells secrete what? What does that do?

A

IFN-Gamma

Signals Macrophages / neutrophils to release TNF and IL-2

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7
Q

What do TH2 cells release?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

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8
Q

What do TH17 cells secrete?

A

IL-17, IL-22

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9
Q

What does IL-4 do? What secretes it?

A

B switching to IgE.

TH2

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10
Q

What does IL-5 do? What secretes it?

A

activates eosinophils

Th2

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11
Q

What does IL-17 do? What secretes it?

A

Inflammatory response (acute inflammation)

TH17

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12
Q

What does IL-22 do? what secretes it?

A

Epithelial barrier function

TH22

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13
Q

What does TGF-b do? What secretes it?

A

anti-inflammatory response. inhibitor/damper of immune responses

inhibits T cell activation and needed for Treg differentiation

CD4?

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14
Q

What 2 things need to come together to make a Th1 from a DC?

A

IL-12, IFN-gamma

IL-12 stimulates Stat4 and Tbet

IFN-gamma activates stat 1

those two create it.

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15
Q

Th1 with M1.. what inhibits Th2?

A

IFN-gamma, TLR

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16
Q

Th2 with M2.. what inhibits th1?

A

IL4-IL-13

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17
Q

What do M2 do?

A

secrete IL-10, TGF-beta for anti-inflammatory, which inhibits inflammation that may be produced by classical macrophages

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18
Q

What do M1 do?

A

microbicidal actions

inflammation through IL-1, IL-12, IL-23

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19
Q

If M1 secrete IL-23, what is this doing?

A

IL-23 stimulates Th17, which is inflammatory T helper cells.

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20
Q

What does IL-21 do?

A

RORgammaT and Stat 3 induce this which amplifies the signal for making more Th17

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21
Q

PLC hydrolyzes what?

A

PIP2 to form DAG and PIP3

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22
Q

Primary Response is highest in what antigen?

A

IgM > IgG

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23
Q

What’s higher in secondary responses?

A

IgG>IgM

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24
Q

Which response has a higher affinity?

A

secondary

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25
B-1 Cells are found where?
Fetal liver
26
What are B-2 Cells also called? Where do they go?
Recirculate in the blood from one to another secondary lymphoid organ
27
Where do B-2 cells migrate to?
B cell zones called "follicles"
28
How do B-2 Cells get to the B cell zone?
they are brought there by CXCl13 FROM FDCS
29
How are Antigens delivered to Follicular B cells that are found in the follicle?
Large ones = moved by macrophages in sub capsular sinus macrophages or by DCs in the medulla Small ones = diffuse in
30
FDCs don't express what?
class 2 MHCs
31
What keeps FDC's with the Ag-Ab complexes for so long?
CR1, CR2, FcgammaRIIB
32
What do Marginal Zone B cells do?
they're in the spleen can bind to immune complexes that have Ag and are coated in complement fragments using complement receptors (CR)
33
What do these Marginal Zone B cells do?
they can shuttle to the follicular zone and compete with FDCs. FDCs have more CR than Marginal zone
34
What specific CR do MZ B cells have?
CR2
35
Blood-Borne pathogens are captured by what in the spleen?
pDCs
36
Polysaccharide Ags are captured by what in the spleen?
MZ Macrophage
37
What do Naive mature B cells have?
IgM, IgD
38
What is the B cell Receptor associated with?
The actual receptor which is an invariant signaling Ig-alpha and Ig-beta
39
What is the complete BCR complex?
IgM plus Ig-alpha and Ig-beta.
40
What are the coreceptors of the B cell?
CD19, CD21 (CR2), and CD32
41
What does CD19 do?
Dominant Signaling component of signaling
42
What does CD21 do?
Complement Receptor 2 (CR2)
43
What do both CD19/CD21 do?
co-receptors positively regulating B cell activation and LOWERS THE AG THRESHOLD FOR THE B cell ACTIVATION
44
What does CD32 do? What is it also called?
Fc(gamma)RIIB. Contains an ITIM and NEGATIVELY regulates BCR signaling
45
Steps of BCR signaling?
1) Ag cross-linking facilitated by co-receptor BCR 2) binding causes conformational change in BCR-associated ITAMS 3) Src kinases (Lyn, Fyn, Bli) phosphorylate ITAMs of Igalpha and igbeta 4) cross linked BCRs enter lipid rafts 5) ITAMS that are activated provide a docking site for the SYK tyrosine Kinase 6) SYK is activated 7) phosphorylates BLNK 8) activates RAS, Rac, PLCgamma2, and the BTK
46
What does CR2 do?
binds at the same time as the antigen, recognizes C3d greatly enhances B cell activation
47
What does CR2 do once it binds to the antigen
it brings CD19 in proximity to BCR associated Kinases The CD19 tail becomes tyrosine phosphorylated amplifies the BCR signaling
48
What happens with B cells and CD40L / CD40
CD40 on B cells stimulates CD40L on APC
49
What does IL-21 do?
Secreted by Tfh and is required for GC development and generation of plasma cells
50
What happens in the germinal center?
dark zone = extensive isotope switching and somatic hypermutation of variable genes.
51
What happens to B cells that migrate into the follicle and proliferate in the dark zone?
they migrate to the light zone, encounter FDCs displaying Ag and Tfh cells
52
Light zone what happens?
highest affinity selected to survive.
53
Th1 Th2 Th17 Which are intracellular, which deal with extracellular?
``` Extra = Th2, Th17 Intra = Th1 ```
54
What does AID do?
CD40 induces AID (activation induced deaminase)
55
What is needed for isotype switching?
AID and CD40-CD40L signaling
56
Again, what is the critical enzyme for isotope switching?
AID --> dominates cytosines in ssDNA templates, converts C to U
57
What does UNG do?
removes U residues to generate stuff where APE1 can create nicks
58
Affinity maturation is achieved by what?
mutation of immunoglobulin to have a higher affinity Ig V genes undergo POINT mutations at an extremely high rate
59
Where do Lymphomas come from?
B cells in germinal centers. chromosomal translocations of various oncogenes into various Ig gene loci
60
Where are memory cells produced?
In GCs for T dependent protein Ags
61
MZ B cells respond to polysaccharides how?
differentiating short-lived plasma cells that produce mainly IgM
62
What does BAFF do?
induces synthesis of AID
63
capsular polysaccharides cannot stimulate T cells , so what happens?
hapten-carrier conjugate so it can be and induce high affinity Abs and memory cells
64
Key Inhibitory Receptor of B cell?
FCgamma RIIB
65
What do SHP and SHIP do?
remove phosphates from PIP3 and inhibits PI3 kinase activity
66
What does CR1 do?
high affinity receptor for C3b and C4b promotes phagocytosis of these particles
67
CR2?
binds to the cleavage products of C3b C3d mostly
68
CR3/CR4?
receptor for iC3b recruitment for leukocytes and binding ICAM1

HDM Final (3 decks)

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