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ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology > Outcome 10 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Outcome 10 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the respiratory system?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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2
Q

structurally the resp system is broken down into two components. What are they?

A
  1. upper resp system
  2. lower resp system
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3
Q

what makes up the upper resp system then?

A

nose, nostrils, nasal cavity, and pharynx

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4
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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5
Q

what makes up the lower resp tract?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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6
Q

functionally, the resp system is broken down into two part as well. What are the two parts called?

A
  1. conducting zone - moistening, filtering air into lungs
  2. respiratory zone - site of gas exchange
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7
Q

what makes up the conducting zone?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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8
Q

what makes up the respiratory zone?

A
  • resp bronicholes, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
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9
Q

what are the functions of the nose?

A
  • to warm, moisten and filter air
  • detection of olfactory stimuli
  • to modify speech vibrations
  • mucus production
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10
Q

what is the job of the nasopharynx?

A
  • starts at the posterior internal cares
  • it receives the air and dust laden mucus, has cilia to move the mucus down to the oropharynx
  • equalizes pressures by exchanging air with the auditory tubes
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11
Q

what is the job of the oropharynx?

A
  • passage of food, air and drinks
    *one opening to the oral cavity
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12
Q

what are the two parts of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • opening to esophagus
  • opening to larynx
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13
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A
  • passageway for air, food and provides that resonating chambers for speech
  • holds tonsils which react with immune response to pathogens
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14
Q

what is the larynx?

A

“structure” - voice box
- short structure that connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea; anterior to esophagus

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14
Q

what is the makeup of the larynx?

A

9 pieces of cartilage + two folds of tissue

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15
Q

_____ fold = _____ vocal cord
_____ fold = _____ vocal cord

A

vestibular fold = false vc
vocal fold = true vc

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16
Q

what is the makeup of a trachea? why is it like that?

A

16-20 anterior, hyaline cartilage c-shaped rings

the c-shape allows for structural support and where the c is, it allows for the expansion of the esophagus

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17
Q

trachea is ____ to the esophagus and divides at _____ into the r/l _____

A

anterior to the esophagus
divides at t5
r/l bronchi

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18
Q

what is the function of the trachea?

A
  • passage of air
  • production of some mucus to catch more dust
  • ciliated cells to move dusty mucus up away from lungs to pharynx to be swallowed/expelled
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19
Q

what’s the difference between the right and left bronchi?

A

right is shorter, wider and more vertical

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20
Q

what is the branching of the bronchial tree?

A

trachea –> 2 primary bronchi –> 3 R, 2L secondary bronchi (lobar) –> 10 tertiary bronchi (segmental) –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles

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21
Q

what is the site of bronchi division into the primary bronchi called?

A

carina

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22
Q

what are the two chambers of the chest?
what are these chambers surrounded by?

A
  1. parietal pleura - lining of the walls of the thoracic cavity
  2. visceral pleura - covering the lungs

*a serous membrane

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23
Q

the right lung has ___ lobes
the left lung has ____ lobes

A

right - 3
left - 2

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24
Q

what is the hilum in the lung?

A

an opening on either lung for the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves to enter and exit

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25
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

a cavity that is between the layers of the serous membrane
contains pleural fluid

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26
Q

what does the pleural fluid do?

A

reduces friction between the membranes to allow for the membranes to slide over one another during breathing

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27
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the right lung called and where are they situated?

A

superior (anterior)
middle (anterior)
inferior (posterior)

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28
Q

what are the two fissures that separate the three lobes in the right lung?

A
  • horizontal fissure
  • oblique fissure
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29
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the left lung called and where are they situated?

A

superior (anterior)
inferior (posterior)

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30
Q

what is the fissure that divides the 2 lobes in the left lung called?

A

oblique fissure

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31
Q

what is the flow of the microscopic airway?

A

respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar saccules –> pulmonary alveoli

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32
Q

what are the three types of alveoli cells?

A
  1. type I alveolar cells (pneumocyte type I)
  2. type ii alveolar cells (pneumocyte type ii)
  3. fixed alveolar macrophages
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33
Q

which type of alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid? what does the fluid do?

A

type ii
keeps the surface between cells and air moist; contains surfactant to lower surface tension of alveolar fluid

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34
Q

which type of alveolar cells are the site of gas exchange?

A

type i

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35
Q

approximately how many alveoli are there? what does that equate in terms of surface area?

A

~300 million
750 sq ft

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36
Q

what are the two sets of arteries that supply blood to the lungs?

A
  1. r/l pulmonary arteries
  2. bronchial arteries
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37
Q

blood returns to the heart by the ______ as well as some draining into the the SVC by the _______.

A

return to heart by pulmonary veins
drain into SVC by bronchial veins

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38
Q

what is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

the idea that if the lungs are well ventilated, perfusion should match.

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39
Q

in the upright position, due to gravity, ventilation ___ from ____ to _____;
perfusion ____ from ____ to _____.

A

ventilation increases from apex to base
perfusion increases from apex to base

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40
Q

in the supine position, what is the relationship between ventilation/perfusion at the base/apex?

A

base ventilation = apex ventilation
base perfusion = apex ventilation

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41
Q

what is respiration?

A

the process of gas exchange in the body

42
Q

what are the three steps of respiration?

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. internal repsiration
43
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
inhalation and exhalation*

44
Q

what is external respiration?

A

gas exchange across resp membrane IN THE LUNGS (from the alveoli (lung) into the pulmonary capillaries (blood)

45
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

has exchange between tissue capillaries and tissues
systemic capillaries <–> tissue cells

46
Q

when does air move into the lungs?
when does air move out of the lungs?

A

in - when pressure inside the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure
out - when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure

47
Q

what does Boyle’s law describe?

A

the pressure of gas inside a closed system is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

P1V1=P2V2

48
Q

describe inhalation/inspiration.

A
  • active process as it requires contraction of muscles (external intercostal and diaphragm)
  • increases lung volume
  • overcoming the surface tension of the narrowed alveolus
49
Q

what is quiet inhalation?

A
  • when the diaphragm drops ~1cm and the pressure inside the lungs decreases
  • ~500 ml of air flows into the lungs
50
Q

____ of air enters by the contraction of the diaphragm
___ of air enters due to the contraction of external intercostals

A

~75% diaphragm
25% external intercostal

51
Q

what role does intrapleural pressure have on respiration?

A

it is the pressure between the parietal and visceral layers of pleural cavity
- always subatmospheric
- due to the surface tension between the layers and the negative vacuum, the visceral pleural will pull on the lungs when the thoracic cavity increases

52
Q

describe exhalation/expiration.

A
  • normal exhalation is passive, it is just the recoiling of the lung tissue and relaxation of the intercostals and diaphragm.
  • when the pressure in the lungs are greater than atmospheric
53
Q

what aids in the recoiling of the lungs during exhalation?

A
  1. elastic fibers recoiling
  2. inward pull of surface tension due to the film of the alveolar surfaces (~2/3 of the recoiling of lungs)
54
Q

is forced exhalation also passive?

A

no. muscles are recruited and contacted using energy

55
Q

what muscles are involved in forced exhalation?

A
  1. abdominal
  2. INTERNAL intercostals
56
Q

what are some other factors that affect pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • surface tension = inward pulling (thin layer of alveolar fluid coating the luminal surface of the alveoli)
  • compliance
  • airway resistance
57
Q

what does the body do to combat the surface tension?

A

by surfactant that is secreted by type ii alveolar cells

58
Q

what are the surfactants? what do they do?

A
  • phospholipid and protein
  • acts like a detergent to reduce surface tension
59
Q

____ compliance = easy to stretch
____ compliance = hard to stretch

A

↑ compliance = easy to stretch
↓ compliance = hard to stretch

60
Q

what may cause compliance to decrease?

A
  • scar tissue
  • edema
  • muscle paralysis
  • decrease surfactant
61
Q

do normal lungs have low or high compliance?

A

high.
- elastic fibers are easily stretched

62
Q

what is compliance?

A

the effort required to stretch lungs and chest

63
Q

what is the air flow equation?

A

air flow = (P(alveoli) - P(atmosphere))/resistance in the airways

64
Q

↑ resistance in airways = _____ air flow
↑ pressure difference = ____ airflow

A

↑ resistance = ↓ airflow
↑ pressure difference = ↑ airflow

65
Q

inhalation = ____ resistance, why?
exhalation = ____ resistance, why?

A

inhalation = decrease resistance because bronchioles increases in diameter
exhalation = increase resistance because bronchioles decrease in diameter

66
Q

___ stimulation causes _____ of smooth muscles = _____ of airway diameter

A

sympathetic stimulation = relaxation of smooth muscles = bronchodilation = increase airway resistance = increase flow

67
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air delivered to lungs with each breath

68
Q

total lung capacity

A

volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration

*inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

69
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation

*inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

70
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation

*residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

71
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled
*sum of the TIDAL VOLUME + INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

72
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration

73
Q

expiratory reserve

A

extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration

74
Q

inspiratory reserve

A

maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration

75
Q

gas exchange is when O2 diffuses from the air to the pulmonary capillaries until…?

A

Pressure of O2 in blood = pressure of o2 in air

76
Q

at rest, ~___% of the o2 in our blood is needed
therefore, the “deoxygenated blood” is actually ____% oxygenated.

what does this percentage become during exercise?

A

~25% o2 needed at rest, 75% deoxygenated blood is actually oxygenated

then during exercise, we can use 75% of the o2 in the blood, therefore, ~25% o2 will be part of the deoxygenated blood

77
Q

What does the rate of gas exchange depend on?

A
  1. partial pressure of gases
  2. surface area for exchange
  3. diffusion distance
  4. molecular weight and solubility
78
Q

the greater difference of the partial pressure between the sites = _____ rate of exchange

A

greater difference = increased rate of exchange

79
Q

due to the vast SA of the lungs’ capillary network, what is the amount of blood exchanging at any given time?

A

~900 mL

80
Q

low molecular weight = ___ diffusion
high solubility = ____ diffusion

A

low mw = increases diffusion
high solubility = increases diffusion

81
Q

molecular weight of ___ > ____
solubility of ____ > _____
what does this mean then?

A

mw CO2 > O2
Solubility CO2 > O2

co2 diffuses out 20x more rapidly than o2 (making hypoxia more prevalent than hypercapnia)

82
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin?

A

the binding of O2 to Hb (~98.5%) because O2 doesn’t dissolve well in H2O and blood is mostly H2O

83
Q

what are factors that affect Hb affinity for O2?

A
  1. partial pressure of O2
  2. acidity
  3. partial pressure of CO2
  4. temperature
  5. bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
84
Q

____ o2 = ___ Oxygen-Hb binding

A

increased o2 (seeing from chart, oxygenated blood = higher pO2) = increased oxygen-Hb binding

85
Q

____ acidity = _____ oxygen-Hb binding

A

decreased acidity = increased oxygen-Hb binding

86
Q

____ pCO2 = ____ Oxygen-Hb binding

A

lower pCO2 = increased oxygen-Hb binding

86
Q

____ temp = ____ oxygen-Hb binding

A

lower temps = increased oxygen-Hb binding
*but based on chart, as temp increases, the pO2 has an “ending amount” in comparison to normal the,p and higher temp

87
Q

what is bisphosphoglycerate?

A

it binds to Hb and makes it more unlikely to unload O2.
BPG has a low affinity for O2.

88
Q

what are the three ways in which co2 is tranported in blood?

A
  1. dissolved co2 in blood (7%) - reaching lungs and being expelled
  2. carbamino compounds (23%) - co2 binding to amino acids and proteins (most being Hb!)
  3. bicarbonate ions (70%) - co2 entering rbc and reacting with H2O
89
Q

what is occurring with CO2 and Cl- in rbc?

A

the cl- moves from the plasma into the rbc and the HCO3- moves out

HCO3- is the product when CO2 interacts with H2O in rbc.

HCO3- then reaches pulmonary capillaries and the reaction is reversed and co2 is then expelled during exhalation

90
Q

what is the CO3 reaction that occurs in the RBC and in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

H2O + CO2 –> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-
*in pulmonary capillaries, it’ll be reversed to get CO2 and expelled out

91
Q

where are the respiratory centres in the brain?

A
  • pontine resp group is between midbrain and pons
  • resp center/ pre-botzinger complex, dorsal and ventral resp group is in the medulla oblongata
92
Q

what does the medullary respiratory center control? what are the two groups it breaks into?

A

the basic breathing rhythm

  1. dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
  2. ventral respiratory group (VRG)
93
Q

what does the DRG drive?

A

drg - normal quiet breathing
~2 sec inhalation, at the end of 2 secs, drg stops ap for the ~3 sec passive expiration

94
Q

what is the role of pre-botzinger complex?

A

important to set the basic breathing rhythm
- has pacemaker cells that are thought to provide input to drg on the rate in which to fire ap

95
Q

what does vrg control?

A

vrg neurons are active in forceful breathing (inhalation and exhalation)
- ap sent from drg to vrg to accessory inhalation
- vrg just sends impulses to accessory muscles of exhalation *note no impulse from drg

96
Q

what does the pontine respiratory group control?

A

MODIFIES BREATHING RHYTHM by working with the centers in the medulla to adjust respiration during active inhalation and exhalation

97
Q

input from = _______ –> pontine resp. group —> ______ = to adjust depth and length of respiration

A

input from cerebral cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus

pons to medulla

98
Q

what are some factors that influence rate and depth of breathing?

A

cortical influences, chemoreceptor regulation, proprioceptor stimulation, inflation reflex, limbic system, temp., pain, anal sphincter stretching, airway irritation, bp

99
Q

what does pain do to respiration?

A

short sharp pain = apnea
long/chronic pain = increased breathing rate

100
Q

what do cortical influences do?

A

they help with consciously controlling breathing

101
Q

where are chemoreceptor regulations occurring?

A

O2, CO2, and H+ is measured in medulla, aortic and carotid bodies

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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