Outcome 13 - Immune System Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What is immunity?
A
body defending against damage or disease
2
Q
What are the two categories of immunity?
A
- innate immunity
- adaptive immunity
3
Q
what are external barriers that make up the first lines of defence?
A
- physical: skin, mucous membrane, hair/cilia, saliva, urine
- chemical: sebum, lysozome, gastric juice, vaginal secretion
4
Q
What are the internal barriers that make up the second line of defence?
A
- antimicrobial substances
- natural killer cells
- phagocytes
- inflammation
- fever
5
Q
What type of lymphocyte is part of the second line of defense?
A
phagocytes - neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
NK cells
6
Q
what are the 5 steps of phagocytosis?
A
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion
- killing
7
Q
what does PRISH stand for?
A
Pain
Redness
Immobility
Swelling
Heat
8
Q
what is the first step of inflammation?
A
vasodilation, and increase blood vessel permeability
9
Q
what is the second step of inflammation?
A
emigration of phagocytes
10
Q
what phagocytic cell usually travels first to site of infection?
A
neutrophils
11
Q
what is the precursor cell of a macrophage?
A
monocytes (in blood)
macro - in tissue
12
Q
how does a fever function as a line of defence?
A
in attempt to inhibit microbe growth and to increase metabolic activity to aid in repair and to increase the effect of interferons
13
Q
what are the two characteristics of adaptive immunity?
A
- specific for a particular foreign molecule (antigen)
- acquires memory for previously encountered antigens (making the second response faster)
14
Q
what types of lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity?
A
t and b cells
15
Q
what is the stem cell that lymphocytes are derived from?
A
multipotent stem cells from red bone marrow
16
Q
where do lymphocytes mature?
A
B cells mature in the RBM
T cells mature in the thymus
17
Q
what type of lymphocyte is responsible for cell-mediated immune response?
A
cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells)
18
Q
what type of lymphocyte is responsible for antibody-mediated immune response?
A
B cells
19
Q
what are the two types of T cells?
A
cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells + helper T cells (CD4 T cells)
memory T cells in lymphatic tissue
20
Q
what type of adaptive immunity is effective against INTRACELLULAR pathogens?
A
cell-mediated immunity
21
Q
what type of adaptive immunity is effective against EXTRACELLULAR pathogens?
A
antibody-mediated immunity
22
Q
It is common for an antigen to provoke both the cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses. t/f
A
true
23
Q
Upon first encounter with an antigen, there is a large group of lymphocytes that have the correct antigen receptor. t/f
A
false
only a small group does
24
Q
What is clonal selection?
A
creation of more t and B cells that have the correct antigen receptors
25
what are the two major categories of cells produced during clonal selection?
1. effector cells
2. memory cells
26
what is an antigen?
substance that is foreign and provokes an immune response
ANTIbody GENerator
27
what part of the antigen provokes an immune response?
the epitope
28
what are our self-antigens?
MHC antigens (multi-histocompatibility complex)
29
which type of lymphocyte leaves lymph tissue in the case of antigenic invasion?
cytotoxic t effector cells
30
what type of lymphocyte needs the antigen to be presented to them for activation?
T cells
31
what is the importance of t helper cells?
secrete cytokine (local hormone) that helps the activation and speed up the clonal selection process
32
what type of cells secrete antibodies?
B cells
33
what class of antibody is the most abundant?
IgG
34
what class of antibody can cross the placenta and be transferred to the fetus?
IgG
35
what class of antibody can be transferred to the fetus via breast milk?
IgA
36
list 5 different actions that antibodies use to disable the antigen.
1. neutralize antigen
2. immobilize bacteria
3. agglutination (clumping)
4. activate complement
5. enhance phagocytosis
37
how are primary and secondary immune responses related to the rationale for immunization?
idea is to introduce your body to antigens to produce antibodies (primary)
then if you actually get exposed to that pathogen with those antigens again, your response will be faster bc you already had memory cells with those antigen receptors (secondary)
38
what is the different between active and passive immunity?
active - when your body is exposed to the pathogen so your body produces its own antibodies
passive - when antibodies are given to you
39
what are the primary lymphatic organs?
where immune cells are produced and matured
- red bone marrow + thymus
40
what are the secondary lymphatic organs?
where most immune responses occur; where most lymphocytes are housed
- lymph nodes/vessels + spleen (white pulp)
41
what is innate immunity?
- non-specific resistance
- present at birth
- immediate protection against a wide variety of invaders
42
what is adaptive immunity?
- specific resistance that is developed in response to particular invaders - exposure to specific antigens
- not present at birth
43
adaptive immunity is faster than innate immunity. t/f
false
44
what are some substances that contribute to inflammation?
- histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, + complement system
45
what is leukocytosis?
high WBC in serum
46
what is pus?
the accumulation of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue
47
what is immunocompetence?
the ability of the lymphocytes to carry out adaptive immune responses
48
how does a cell become immunocompetent?
they need to have specific antigen receptors embedded into their cell membranes
49
which type of cells carry out immune response during a primary response?
effector cells
50
which type of cells don't participate in the initial immune response?
memory cells
51
what type of cells die off after the immune response is finished?
effector cells
52
what type of cells do not die at the end of an immune response?
memory cells
53
what are the 2 important characteristics of antigens?
1. immunogenicity
2. reactivity
54
what is immunogenicity?
the ability to produce immune response
antibody production or T cell activation
55
what is reactivity?
ability to react SPECIFICALLY with antibodies or cells it provoked
56
describe epitopes.
-part of the antigen molecules that trigger the immune response
-antigenic determinants
- what attaches to the t and b antigen receptors
57
what can happen if an antigen gets past nonspecific resistance and enters the blood? interstitial space? mucous membranes?
- blood ---> get trapped in the spleen
- interstitial space by lymph ---> get trapped in lymph nodes
- travel along mucous membranes ---> encounter MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues)
58
regardless of the route that the antigens take (when past the nonspecific resistance), where do they end up?
in the lymphatic tissues where lymphocytes are found
59
what gives B cells and T cells its unique set of genes to code for unique antigen receptors?
genetic recombination
60
where are mhc antigens found?
all our nucleic cells
61
what is hapten?
small molecule that has reactivity but not immunogenicity (therefore, not a complete antigen)
62
can hapten stimulate immune responses?
yes. if they attach to large carrier molecules
63
what is responsible for some allergic reactions to drugs and environmental substances?
hapten.
64
what results in an autoimmune disorder?
when the body can't distinguish "self" from "non-self"
65
B cells recognize and bind to what kind of antigens?
exogenous antigens (which are fluids outside of body cells)
66
what is endogenous antigen presentation?
infected body cells that process and present antigens on their cell membrane
67
what is exogenous antigen presentation?
insertion of fragments of the exogenous antigen onto their cell membrane
- travel to lymphatic tissue to present it to t cells
68
what is cell-mediated immunity?
- T cell with correct antigen receptor binds to specific antigen presented to them by an APC or infected body cell
69
where do you find cytotoxic t effector cells?
secondary lymphatic tissues
70
what do cytotoxic t effector cells do?
bind to infected cells and cause apoptosis or cytolysis by enzymes, perforin and granules
71
when does antibody mediated immunity happen?
when correct antigen receptor binds to a specific antigen
72
during antibody-mediated immunity what undergoes clonal selection?
plasma cells and memory b cells
73
why is B cell activation even more intense than T cell activations?
B cells bind directly to an antigen where T cells need the antigen presented to them
74
what are plasma cells?
B cells that become effector cells
75
what do plasma cells do?
they secrete antibodies
76
describe antibody structures.
they match the B cell receptors that initially bound to the specific antigen
77
what do antibodies + antigens form?
antigen-antibody complex
78
what are antibodies also called?
immunoglobulins
79
what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?
1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgM
4. IgD
5. IgE
80
which class of Ig is found in lymph?
IgM
81
which class of Ig is the first to be secreted by plasma cells?
IgM
82
which class of Ig also presents as monomers on surfaces of B cells?
IgM and IgD
83
which class of Ig is involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and protection against parasitic worms?
IgE
83
which class of Ig is involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and protection against parasitic worms?
IgE
84
what is monoclonal antibody production?
the isolation of one type of antibody (MAb)
85
what do you call the combination of cancer/tumour cells and wanted antibodies?
hybridoma
86
what do they use MAb for in NM?
"radio"immunotherapy - theranostics (diagnostics and therapy)
- attaching radiation to monoclonal antibodies that will bind to specific tumour cells
87
what is more effective? primary or secondary response?
secondary response - more effective for IgG production due to memory cells that already exist
88
what are 4 ways to acquire adaptive immunity?
1. NATURALLY acquired ACTIVE immunity
2. NATURALLY acquired PASSIVE immunity
3. ARTIFICIALLY acquired ACTIVE immunity
4. ARTIFICIALLY acquired PASSIVE immunity
89
what is the difference between active and passive immunity that is acquired naturally?
active - getting it from the environment (creation of t and B cells by encountering the real virus)
passive - getting antibodies from mom to fetus by placenta or breast milk but it doesn't last forever like memory cells
90
what is the difference between active and passive immunity that is artificially?
active - vaccination - introduction of weakened/dead pathogen that leads to production of antibodies leading to memory cells
passive - injection of antibodies
