Outcome 4 Diagnostic Testing Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Xrays are sometimes referred to as _______ rays, which are named after their discoverer, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen.
A
Roentgen rays.
2
Q
X-ray films are produced by exposing __________ to the __________ from an ___________.
A
X-ray films are produced by exposing sensitized film to the energy waves from an x-ray generator or a cathode ray tube
3
Q
When part of a body is positioned between an x-ray source and sensitized film, the result is a _______ of that body part.
A
an image or a shadow
4
Q
_________ appear in various shades of black, white and gray.
A
Radiographs
5
Q
Ther areas where x-rays _________ appear black.
A
Ther areas where x-rays strike the film directly appear black.
6
Q
The areas where the x-rays are ________ appear in shades of white or gray.
A
The areas where the x-rays are blocked by tissues of varying densities appear in shades of white or gray.
7
Q
_______ appears on the film as a shade of gray, and _____ appears as a shade of white.
A
Soft tissue - less dense appears on the film as a shade of gray, and bone - relatively dense appears as a shade of white.
8
Q
What are 6 characteristics of X-rays?
A
X-rays
- Cause exposure of a photographic plate
- Penetrate different substances
- Invisibility
- Travel in straight lines
- Scattering of radiation
- Ionization
EPISSI
Exposure, penetration, invisibility, straight lines, scattering, ionization
9
Q
A _______ usually takes the films while a _______ interprets and performs intervening procedures.
A
A technician usually takes the films while a radiologist interprets and performs intervening procedures.
10
Q
A _______ is a medical doctor with years of special training in medical imaging.
A
Radiologist
11
Q
When the photographic plate is placed in front of x-ray beams, the x-rays have the ability to change the plate from ____ to ____.
A
When the photographic plate is placed in front of x-ray beams, the x-rays have the ability to change the plate from silver to black.
12
Q
T or F. X-rays oass through body substances with varying ease.
A
True.
13
Q
_____ is the least dense substance and exhibits the greatest transmission
A
Air.
14
Q
What is the least dense and most dense between fat, water (soft tissue) and metal (bone)?
A
Fat is the least dense but is denser than air. Water or soft tissue is denser than fat. Metal or bone is the most dense.
Least dense to most dense:
Fat > water > metal
15
Q
______ is the most dense and transmits the least.
A
Metal or bone is the most dense and transmits the least.
16
Q
What does it mean when a substance absorbs x-rays?
A
The x-rays are stopped by the substance.
17
Q
T or F. If the x-rays are absorbed by the denser body substance (e.g. bones), they don’t reach the photographic plate held behind the patient, and white areas ar left in the x-ray film.
A
True.
18
Q
_________ structures permit the passage of most x-rays and appear black on x-ray film.
A
Radiolucent
19
Q
_______ structures obstruct the passage of x-rays and appear white on x-ray film.
A
Radiopaque.
20
Q
T or F. X-rays can be detected by sight, sound, or touch.
A
False.
21
Q
Workers exposed to x-rays must wear a ________ to detect and record the amount of radiation to which they have been exposed.
A
A film badge.
22
Q
X-ray characteristic of travelling straight lines allows for the formation of ______ shadow images on the x-ray plates.
A
X-ray characteristic of travelling straight lines allows for the formation of precise shadow images on the x-ray plates.
23
Q
T or F. Straight x-ray beams allows beams to be directed accurately at a tissue site during radiotherapy.
A
True.
24
Q
___________ occurs when x-rays come in contact with any material.
A
Scattering.
25
Greater scatter occurs with _______ objects and fewer scatter occurs with __________ substances.
Greater scatter occurs with **dense** objects and fewer scatter occurs with **radiolucent** substances.
26
Scatter can ______ images and ______ areas of film that otherwise would be in shadow. To eliminate this, a _____ is placed in front of the film to absorbed scattered radiation before it strikes the x-ray film.
Scatter can **blur** images and **expose** areas of film that otherwise would be in shadow. To eliminate this, a **grid** is placed in front of the film to absorbed scattered radiation before it strikes the x-ray film.
27
X-rays ____ substances through which they pass. In radiation therapy, this effect helps kill cancerous cells. In several doses, this effect can affect normal body cells which leads to tissue damage and malignant changes.
Ionize.
28
T or F. When a disease isn't diagnosed by using plain x-ray filming, then special radiological diagnostic procedures are performed.
True.
29
A _________ is a radipaque substance used in diagnostic radiology to allow a more accurate visualization of internal body parts and tissues in contrast to their adjacent structures.
Contrast medium
30
T or F. Contrast media are liquids administered orally.
Partially true. Contrast media are liquids, powders, gas, air, or pill that can be administered orally, parenterally, or via enema.
31
How does contrast media work?
Contrast media **opacifies** the body part(s) under examination so the structure and functions of the organs can therefore be observed in more detail.
32
Give two examples of contrast media.
Barium sulfate and iodine compounds
33
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a **harmless, opaque, chalky** compound available in **premixed, flavored liquid**.
Barium sulfate
34
What are the two main types of x-ray and fluoroscopic examinations of th GI tract that barium sulfate is used for?
1. Upper GI series (**barium swallow**)
2. Lower GI series (**barium enema**)
35
In ______ an oral ingestion of barium mixture is used to outline the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
Upper GI series
36
In _____ a barium mixture is given through an enema and outlines the colon.
Lower GI series
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are radiopaque fluids used as contrast dye and contain up to 50% of its main element.
Iodine compounds
38
X-ray recording of **blood vessels** and the **heart chambers** following the injection of contrast medium through a **catheter** inserted into the **vessel in issue**.
Angiography
39
X-rays are taken after the dye has been injected into the **aorta** or into an **artery in the groin**
Arteriography
40
X-ray recording of a **joint** after contrast medium injected into joint
Arthrography
41
X-ray recording of the **bronchial tree and lungs**. Instillation of a contrast medium into the **bronchi via the trachea**
Bronchography
42
X-ray recording of the **bile ducts**. Dye injected **intravenously, percutaneously, or orally** (directed by liver into the bile ducts)
Cholangiography
43
X-ray recording of the **gallbladder and bile ducts**. **Orally ingested**. Radiopaque granules or tablet, IV injection
Chole**cyst**ography
44
Imaging of **blood vessels** in which a computer **subtracts obscuring shadows** from the image, allowing **only vessels** to be seen. **Two x-rays** are taken (the first x-ray **without** contrast).
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
45
X-ray recording of the **uterus and fallopian tube(s)** after injecting a contrast medium through the **vagina** and **into the uterus**
Hysterosalphigography
46
x-ray recording of the **lymphatic vessels and lymph glands** after the injection of a contrast medium into the lymphatic system
Lymphangiography/lymphography
47
x-ray recording of the **renal pelvis and urinary tract** after contrast medium is injected into a **vein**
Intravenous pyelography
48
x-ray recording of the **renal pelvis and urinary tract** after dye is injected through a catheter into the **urethra, bladder, and ureters**; warranted when the patient is **allergic to thec dye** or if the patient has poor renal function making it impossible to use the IV dye
retrograde pyelography
49
same procedure used as for **retrograde pyelography**; bladder is filled with dye and x-rays are taken when the patient is **voiding urine through the urethra**.
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
50
x-ray recording of **veins** after contrast medium has been given intravenously
venography (phlebography)
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_refers to procedures performed by a radiologist while the patient is undergoing x-rays, angiogram, CT, MRI, or ultrasound.
Interventional radiology
52
Some examples of interventional procedures are:
* placement of drainage catheters
* drainage of abscesses
* instillation of antibiotics
* treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in the brain via gamma-knife radiosurgery
* biopsy of internal organs using imaging guidance for placement of the biopsy needle
53
The body part to be imaged must be positioned correctly between the film containing plate and the x-ray source. The body part is positioned closest to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The body part is positioned closest to the **cassette**.
54
Before the x-ray film is taken, ______ are placed on the ________ to indicate the ______ used, the patient’s \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the ______ of the filming.
Before the x-ray film is taken, **markers** are placed on the **film-containing cassette** to indicate the **position** used, the patient’s **identification**, and the **date** of the filming.
Position, Identification, Date: DIP
55
x-ray beam is directed from **front to back**; patient may be in a supine or standing position, having the **back near the film** and the **front facing x-ray tube**
Anteroposterior (AP) view
56
x-ray beam is directed from **back to front**; patient is usually in an **upright** position, having the **back facing the x-ray tube** and the **front near the film**
Postero**anterior** (PA) view
FF -- front near film
57
x-ray beam is directed from one side
Lateral view
58
The **right side** of the body is **near the film** and the x-ray tube is pointed toward the left side
Right lateral (RL) view
59
the **left side** of the body is nearest the film
left lateral (LL) view
60
x-ray tube is positioned at an angle that is **not** PA, AP, or lateral (an angle from the perpendicular plane); used to **show regions that would be hidden in routine views**
Oblique view
61
beam is directed **toward the axilla** (**armpit**)
axillary view
62
beam is directed from the **midline** **toward the side** of the part being filmed
**medio**lateral view
63
x-ray beam is directed from the **midline toward the side** with the patient **laying on their back**
supine mediolateral view
64
beam is directed from the **superior to inferior levels** (“head to toe”)
cranio**caudal** view -- can mean head to toe, top to bottom of hand, etc
65
movement **drawing away** from the middle
abduction
66
movement drawing **toward** the middle
adduction
67
turning **outward**
eversion
68
turning **inward**
inversion
69
movement in which a limb is placed in a **straight position**
extension
70
movement in which a limb is **bent**
flexion
71
lying down **on the side** with the x-ray beam **horizontally positioned**; also referred to as “**cross-table lateral**”
lateral decubitus
72
lying **face down**
prone
73
lying down (**either** prone or supine)
Recumbent
74
lying on **back**
supine
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the medical specialty that deals with the **diagnosis and treatment** of disease processes with the use of **radioactive substances**.
Nuclear medicine
76
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are substances that give off **high-energy particles** or **rays** as they disintegrate.
Radionucleids or radioisotopes
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the time required for radeonuclides to lose **half of its radioactivity** by disintegration. This must be long enough to allow for diagnostic imaging but as short as possible to minimize patient exposure to radiation.
Half-life
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a half-life of **six hours**, is an ideal radionuclide and is most often used in diagnostic nuclear imaging.
Technetium-99m (99mTc)
79
What are the **three types of radioactivity** that radionuclides emit?
1. **Alpha particles** – **low** penetrating power
2. **Beta particles** – penetrate a **few millimeters** of skin
3. **Gamma rays** – have **greater** penetrating ability than either alpha or beta particles, and are thus very useful in diagnosing and treating diseases
80
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves analysis of **blood and urine** specimens using **radioactive chemicals**.
In vitro (in **test tube**) procedures
81
\_\_\_ is an example of an in vitro procedure that combines **radioactive** chemicals and antibodies to detect **hormones and drugs** in a patient's blood. This can detect minute amounts of drugs in the urine and blood.
RIA (radioimmunoassay)
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the **scanning of a tracer** as it binds with specific substances and is followed with a scan or fluoroscope as it passes through varous organs or systems.
Tracer studies
83
In vivo tests trace the amounts of _______ after they are given directly to a patient to **evaluate the function of an organ or to image it**.
radioactive substances
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ means “**in the body**”.
In vivo
85
A _______ (also referred to as a tag or label) is a **radioactive isotope** that is used in diagnostic x-ray techniques to allow a **biologic process** to be seen.
Tracer
86
Give examples of tracers.
**radioactive iodine** (131I) and r**adioactive carbon** (14C)
87
A ________ (labeled compound) is a combination of a **radionuclide** and a **drug or chemical**. These can be used to diagnose a condition, and sometimes as a treatment.
radiopharmaceutical
88
T or F. Each radiopharmaceutical is designed to concentrate in a certain organ. The organ can then be imaged with the **radiation given off by the radionuclide**.
True.
89
The _______ is a **protective barrier** found in the brain that prevents almost all forms of **drugs and toxic material** from entering the brain. Without this natural protection, **radionuclides could not be used for diagnostic purposes**.
blood brain barrier (BBB)
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are performed following an intravenous injection of a radiopharmaceutical. It is used to aid in the **diagnosis of pulmonary embolism** by looking for **blocked blood vessels**.
Perfusion lung scans
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are usually done in conjunction with a perfusion scan, again to diagnose **pulmonary emboli**. The patient **_inhales_** a **radioactive gas which fills the alveoli**. The lungs are then scanned to detect nonfunctional or impaired areas.
Ventilation lung scans
92
What are the **two forms** of radionucleotide heart scans?
1. **MUGA** (Multiple-gated acquisition) scan
2. **Thallium stress test**
93
A _______ is a scan done **at rest** to examine the function of the **right and left ventricles** of the heart. **Technetium-99** (99Tc) is injected intravenously and the blood flow is imaged as it passes through the **chambers of the heart and large blood** vessels. It is used to diagnose **heart wall abnormalities** subsequent to heart disease.
MUGA (multiple-gated acquisition scan)
94
In a MUGA scan, _________ images are recorded on film to give a **motion picture of the passage of blood through the heart**.
Sequential images
95
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or a **thallium scan**, is done at **exertion**. The patient walks and/or runs on a treadmill until they reach their maximum exercise potential and then **thallium-201 ( 201Tl)** is injected.
Cardiac radionuclide imaging
96
In a thallium stress test, the **coronary circulation** is examined using a ________ which can detect **myocardial necrosis**.
gamma or positron camera
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are done to **diagnose metastases from a primary cancer site**; the metastases show up as “**hot spots**” on the scan. These are also helpful in diagnosing **fractures not evident** on conventional x-rays, as well as **bone infections**.
During this scan, a radiopharmaceutical (**99mTc and phosphate**) is intravenously injected and the skeleton is imaged in ______ hours by the use of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Bone scans, two to three hours, gamma camera
98
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are used to detect **infarctions, abscesses and hematomas**. The radiopharmaceutical **99mTc** pertechnetate is injected intravenously. ____ hours later images of the brain are scanned.
Brain scans, two hours
99
T or F. Normal brain scans will show **no uptake** of the radiopharmaceutical because of the properly functioning blood brain barrier (BBB); if the BBB is broken down by tumor or disease, the radiopharmaceutical enters the brain and shows up on the brain scan.
True.
100
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are used to image a number of **different tissues**. They use the **radioisotope gallium-67 (67Ga)**. The element involved is attracted to **lymph tumors** and **non-neoplastic lesions like infections and abscesses.**
Gallium scans
101
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can detect abnormalities such as cirrhosis, abscess, tumor, hepatomegaly, and **hepatitis**. Radiopharmaceutical **99mTC and sulfur colloid** is injected **intravenously**.
Liver scans
102
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can diagnose **splenomegaly** due to tumor, cyst, abscess, or rupture.
Spleen scans
103
T or F. Images taken with the gamma camera during liver and spleen scans shows areas of tumor as white spots, indicating reduced uptake.
False. Shows areas of tumor as **blank** spots
104
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tests the rate of hormone synthesis by the thyroid gland. The radioactive iodine compound **Iodine-131 (131I)** is given **orally by capsule**.
Radioactive Iodine Uptake (Thyroid Gland)
105
The amount of radioactivity taken up by the thyroid during the process of making thyroid hormones is measured at __ and __ hours and compared with normal values.
6 and 24 hours
106
During ______ **131I is administered intravenously**, and then a scan is done to determine the **size and shape of the thyroid gland**.
Thyroid scans
107
**Hyperfunctioning** thyroid nodules accumulate **higher amounts** of 131I radioactivity and are termed “\_\_\_\_”. **Thyroid carcinoma** does not concentrate radioiodine well and is seen as a “\_\_\_\_” spot on the scan.
hot and cold
108
\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves an **intravenous injection of a** ______ and computer reconstruction of a ______ **i****mage from many views**.
It is basically **combining a CT scan with a radioactive tracer**. It can detect liver tumors and cardiac ischemia as well as evaluate spinal bone disease. It is also being used more commonly to evaluate blood flow in the brain.
Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), radioactive tracer, 3D
109
In the case of malignant tumor growth, _________ can be used to **shrink and/or destroy the tumor** and for **palliative treatment** to relieve the pain associated with metastases.
radiation
110
When **radiation is applied for treatment of cancer** and various other conditions, it is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
radiation therapy, radiotherapy, or radiation oncology (or is sometimes abbreviated **Xrt/XRT**)
111
The purpose of radiation therapy is to administer a specific amount of _________ to a specified ________ to ________ diseased cells. It's primary target is \_\_\_\_.
The purpose of radiation therapy is to administer a specific amount of **radiation** to a specified **location** to **irradiate** diseased cells. The primary target is **DNA**.
112
T or F. Radiation therapy alters the diseased cell so that it **can't reproduce** and will eventually age and die, leaving no new cells behind.
True.
113
