Outcome One

Question 1

Operational variable

Answer 1

A variable that defines or describes in terms of the procedures used to observe and measure it

Question 2

Iv

Answer 2

The variable that the experimenter manipulates to gauge its affect in the the dv

Question 3

Dv

Answer 3

The variable that the experimenter measures

Question 4

Population

Answer 4

The larger group of research interest from which a sample in a research study has been drawn

Question 5

Sample

Answer 5

The group of participants in a research study selected from and representatives of a population of research interest

Question 6

Extraneous variable

Answer 6

A variable other than the iv that may cause changes in the dv

Question 7

Controlled variable

Answer 7

An extraneous variable whose influence has been eliminated from an experiment so that it can not affect the results

Question 8

Uncontrolled variable

Answer 8

An extraneous variable whose influence has not been eliminated from an experiment because the experimenter was not aware of it

Question 9

Confounding variable

Answer 9

An uncontrolled variable that has an unwanted affect on the dv and may be confused with the iv

Question 10

Standardisation

Answer 10

Establishing standards for administrating a test and interpreting the results

Question 11

Participant variables

Answer 11

Individual differences in the personal characteristics of research participants that I’d not controlled can confound the results on the experiment

Question 12

Order effect

Answer 12

Where prior knowledge of a task or situation influences a participants response which in turn influences the results

Question 13

Counterbalancing

Answer 13

A method used to control the order effect, where half the participants in an experiment are exposed to the control condition first, this is then reversed in the second instance

Question 14

Experimenter effect

Answer 14

Changes in the participants behaviour that are caused by the unintended influence of the experimenter rather than the iv

Question 15

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 15

A prediction that prompts people to behave in a way that makes the prediction come true

Question 16

Placebo effect

Answer 16

Changes in the behaviour caused by the participants belief that they have been exposed to a treatment that will affect them in some way

Question 17

Single blind procedure / double blind procedure

Answer 17

Single- where the participants do not know if they are being exposed to the experimental condiments but the experimenter does
Double - both the participants and the experimenter are not aware if they are being exposed to the experimental or control conditions

Question 18

Independent groups design

Answer 18

An experimental design where participants are randomly allocated to either the experimental group or the control group

Limitation - 
Difficult to achieve groups of equal size 
Advantage - 
No order affects 
Quick easy, cost effective

Question 19

Matched participants design

Answer 19

An experimental design where participants are paired on the basis is of similar characteristics that can influence the DV
With one of the pair being allocated to the experimental group and the other the control
Limitations -
Time consuming expensive. Unconsidered personality aspect my influence results
Advantages- no order affects

Question 20

Repeated measures design

Answer 20

An experimental method where the same group of participants makes up both the experimental and control group
Limitations -
Order affect, boredom sample must be representative
Advantages -
No personality differences to control

Question 21

Random sampling

Answer 21

Every member of a population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for the sample being used in a study

Question 22

Stratified sampling

Answer 22

Ensures the sample contains the same proportions of participants that are found in a population

Question 23

Convenience sampling

Answer 23

Read lily available to researcher

Question 24

Experimental group

Answer 24

Group of participants that are exposed to the iv

Question 25

Control group

Answer 25

Group of participants that are not exposed to the iv and are used as a standard to measure against

Question 26

Qualitative data

Answer 26

Data that describes the changes in the quality of a behaviour Personal attitudes feelings

Question 27

Quantitative data

Answer 27

Data collected through a systematic and controlled procedures and presented in numerical form

Question 28

Case study

Answer 28

An in depth, detailed study of all aspects of a single participant, group or event. Usually to gain insight into a particular psychological phenomenon. Qualitative data Limitations - Impractical, unethical or impossible to perform Uncontrolled studies - limits conclusions drawn from them Results can not be generalised Time consuming subjective process

Question 29

Ethics

Answer 29

``` moral principles and codes Participants rights Confidentiality Withdrawal rights Voluntary participation Informed consent Access to results Deception Debriefing ```

Question 30

Debriefing

Answer 30

Informing the participants of the true purpose of an experiment once it has been ended. Correcting any mistaken beliefs Providing opportunity to gain information about the study Providing information services to help with distress

Question 31

Deception

Answer 31

When information about the true purpose of a study is not given to participants before a study begins

Question 32

Informed consent

Answer 32

Where a participant gives their written consent to participate in a study after being fully informed f the true nature and purpose of the experiment. And any foreseeable risks

Question 33

Voluntary participation

Answer 33

Where participants agree to take part of an experiment free from pressure or fear of negative consequences

Question 34

Withdrawal rights

Answer 34

At any time without fearing consequences

Question 35

Confidentiality

Answer 35

A participants right to privacy, in terms of access disposal and storage of information related to a research study to which they participated