Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproduction and Sexual Health > ovarian cancer > Flashcards

ovarian cancer Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

ovarian pathology can cause?

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • endocrine effects -> if neoplasm in ovary are producing hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 main pathological groups in the ovary?

A
  • cysts
  • endometriosis
  • tumours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 5 main groups where the cysts within the ovary can arise from?

A
  • follicular e.g. polycystic ovaries
  • luteal (corpus luteum)
  • endometriotic (secondary to endometrioma)
  • epithelial (lined by epithelial cells)
  • mesothelial (lined by mesothelial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when can follicular cysts form?

A
  • when ovulation doesn’t occur (polycystic ovaries)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

do follicular cysts rupture?

A
  • don’t rupture but growth until they become a cyst
  • up to several cm in size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are follicular cysts lined by?

A
  • granulosa cells
  • thin walled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how long for a follicular cyst to resolve?

A
  • usually over a few months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is endmetriosis?

A
  • endometrial glands and stroma outside outside the uterine body
  • can occur within the ovary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the term given to endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium?

A

adenomyosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can endometriosis cause?

A
  • pelvic inflammation - due to breakdown of the glands and stroma
  • infertility
  • pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where are common sites for endometriosis?

A
  • ovary - chocolate cyst
  • pouch of douglas
  • peritoneal surfaces, including uterus (serosa)
  • cervix, vulva, vagina
  • bladder, bowel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

underlying aetiology for endometriosis?

A
  • not well understood
  • regurgitation of endometrium through fallopian tubes?
  • metaplasia? 1 type of epithelium into another epithelium
  • vascular or lymphatic dissemination - gain access to outside uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

macroscopically what is seen in ovarian endometriosis?

A
  • peritoneal spots or nodules
  • fibrous adhesions
  • chocolate cysts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

microscopically what is seen in ovarian endometriosis?

A
  • endometrial glands and stroma
  • haemorrhage, inflammation, fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some complications of endometriosis?

A
  • pain
  • cyst formation
  • adhesions (inflammation can cause surfaces to stick to each other)
  • infertility - due to scarring of tube as a result of inflammation
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • malignancy - endometrioid carcinoma or clear cell carcinoma (arise from endometriotic cyst)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ovarian tumours can be solid or?

A
  • cystic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are 5 different classes of ovarian tumours?

A
  • epithelial
  • germ cell
  • sex cord/stromal
  • metastatic - breast or GI
  • miscellaneous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

understood that epithelial ovarian tumours arise from the mesothelial cell layer that lines the ovarian surface? true or false?

A
  • true and undergoes a metaplastic change to become

serous
mucinous
endometrioid
clear cell
brenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

epithelial ovarian tumours are categorised as ….., ……, or …….

A

benign - no cytological abnormalities, no stromal invasion, no prolif absent
borderline - cytological abnormalities, prolif, no stromal invasion
malignant - stromal invasion !!!

-> borderline and malignant tumours will be staged according to the Figo staging system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

serous carcinoma have 2 distinct entities what are these?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • high grade serous carcinoma
  • low grade serous carcinoma
21
Q

what is precursor for high grade serous carcinoma?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • STIC - serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma
  • arisen from some abnormal cell in fallopian tube
22
Q

what is precursor for low grade serous carcinoma

Study These Flashcards
A
  • serous borderline tumour
  • some atypia and some proliferation and goes on to develop invasive malignancy
  • less aggressive
23
Q

what are cytological abnormalities of high grade serous carcinoma within ovary?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • lots of variation in nuclear size and shape
  • large multinucleated cell
  • within nuclei also prominent nucleoli
24
Q

what are similarities of high serous carcinoma in ovary and uterus?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • p53 mutations
25
what do endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma have an association with?
- strong association with endometriosis of the ovary - also lynch syndrome - particularly clear cell carcinoma of the ovary
26
how are endometrioid carcinomas graded in the ovary?
- graded same as uterine tumours - most are low grade and early stage
27
how is ovarian cancer diagnosed?
- often made on ascitic fluid - also important to note once a diagnosis is made: to examine omentum for possible tumour deposits within that
28
high grade serous carcinoma often presents in an advanced stage with what kind of involvement?
- extensive peritoneal involvement - which causes ascites - tumour cells produce fluid in abdomen causing the bloating. - diagnosis often made bases off fluid
29
what is a brenner tumour?
- benign, tumour of transitional type epithelium, set within a fibrous stroma - found usually in urothelial tract - bladder, ureters and urethra, but can also be seen in ovary - borderline and malignant variants are rare
30
how common are germ cell tumours?
- 15-20% of all ovarian tumours
31
what is the commonest germ cell tumour of the ovary?
- mature cystic teratoma (benign) - 95% of germ cell tumours
32
are germ cell tumours pluripotent true or false?
- true - any line of differentiation - often find sebum, hair, skin, bone, teeth, cartilage etc - also known as 'dermoid cyst' but real name is mature cystic teratoma
33
germ cell tumours have a high risk of malignancy true or false?
rarely become malignant - somatic malignancy can arise in teratoma e.g. in skin of teratoma can see SCC, or thyroid ca
34
name some other germ cell tumours other than mature cystic teratoma?
- immature teratoma - dysgerminoma - yolk sac tumour - choriocarcinoma - mixed germ cell tumour
35
most common malignant primitive germ cell tumour?
- dysgerminoma - 1-2% of all malignant ovarian tumours
36
what is a characteristic finding of a dysgerminoma on microscopy?
- large primitive germ cells with scattered lymphocytes surrounding them
37
what is the common presentation age of a dysgerminoma?
- children and young women - avg age 22
38
name 3 different types of sex cord/stromal tumours?
- fibroma/thecoma (most common) - granulosa cell tumour - sertoli-leydig cell tumours
39
fibromas are a benign sex cord tumour that may produce what hormone?
- produce oestrogen causing uterine bleeding
40
granulosa cells are considered potentially malignant true or false?
- true
41
sertoli-leydig cell tumours may produce what hormone?
- androgens
42
what is the most common mets for ovarian cancer?
- stomach - colon - breast - pancreas
43
what kind of presentation of ovarian cancer should you consider a metastatic tumour?
- when tumours are BILATERAL and SMALL
44
what staging is used for ovarian cancer?
- Figo staging
45
what kind of pathologies present in the fallopian tubes?
- inflammation - termed salpingitis (due to infection - neutrophil polymorphs, lymphocytes, scarring or dilatation of tube) - cysts and tumours - serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (precursor to high grade serous carcinoma to tube or ovary) - endometriosis - ectopic pregnancy
46
what is an ectopic pregnancy?
- implantation of a conceptus outside the endometrial cavity - commonest site is fallopian tube - due to fertilisation occuring here and the face that the tubes can be damaged due to PID, endometriosis -> scarring and loss of architecture - so ovum is not wafted into endometrial cavity - may occur in ovary or peritoneum
47
what is an acute complication of an ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube?
- fatal haemorrhage - of the fallopian tube
48
what diagnosis should you consider in a female of reproductive age presenting with amenorrhoea and acute hypotension or an acute abdomen?
- ectopic pregnancy
49
what tumours can arise from endometriosis?
- endometrioid and clear cell tumours

Reproduction and Sexual Health (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions