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ES Past Paper 1 Question > Overall > Flashcards

Overall Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how cfcs cause the destruction of stratospheric ozone

A

CFCs are broken down by UV,
the chlorine is released,
Cl reacts with ozone, forms ClO and O2,
The catalytic break down

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Why is it difficult to predict future atmospheric concentration of pollutants

A

Complex feedback loops
Unknown emissions
Variable natural processes

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4
Q

What is reverse osmosis

A

Water forced through a semipermeable membrane to remove salts

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5
Q

How to measure nitrates in water

A

A nítrate test strip

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6
Q

Why is water abstracted from aquifers instead of reservoirs

A

Less contamination
Stable temperatures
Not subject to evaporation

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7
Q

Explain how over abstraction of rivers causes environmental damage

A

Habitat loss
Sediment accumulation
Reduced water flow

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8
Q

Why is satélite remote sensing used to monitor arctic sea ice

A

Covers a large area of difficult terrain
Repeatable measurements

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9
Q

What are the limitations of a secchi disc to measure turbidity

A

Subjective results

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10
Q

How does increased turbidity affect coral reefs

A

Reduced photosynthesis
Smothers (kills) corals

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11
Q

Describe seismic surveys

A

Sound waves reflected to show the rock structures

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12
Q

Describe resistivity

A

Electrical resistance indicates material location and distribution

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13
Q

Describe gravimetry

A

Density variations show ore presence

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14
Q

Explain how hydrothermal processes form mineral ores

A

How water super heats minerals, it cools and precipitates in the cracks- forming veins

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15
Q

Explain why lower cut off grades increase the cost of mineral extraction

A

More overburden removed
More material processed for the same yield
Increased energy needed and more expensive

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16
Q

The impact of mining low grades and how they can be reduced

A

More waste generated
Better containing/ processing reduced it

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17
Q

How is the risk of radioactive material reduced

A

Shielding
Remote handling
Exposure monitoring

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18
Q

Describe how environmental damage caused by mining can be reduced (4)

A

Water sprays to ground dust
Landscaping the surroundings/ overcast once abandoned
Mounds to reduce noise
Leachate treatment

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19
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

Weathering
Runoff
Uptake
Decomposition

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20
Q

Describe how human activity can be managed to increase the availability of phophorous

A

Using organic fertilisers e.g manure, mulch and guano

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21
Q

What human activity altering the carbon cycle

A

Fossil fuel use
Deforestation
Feedback loops

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22
Q

Asses the effectiveness of technology to reduce the impacts of atmospheric pollution

A

Carbon capture and storage
Catalytic converters
Scrubbers

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23
Q

Explain how soil texture can affect nutrient levels in the soil

A

Clay retains nutrients
Sand leeches
Organic matter presence

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24
Q

Explain how soil texture affects the rate of decomposition of dom and nitrification

A

Higher aeration in sand increases both

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25
Describe how soil texture affects the availability of the soil nutrients
Clay retains more due to having a negative charge
26
How does contour ploughing reduce soil erosion
Slows water runoff Reduced soil movement
27
Methane creation by human activity
Food waste in landfill
28
Atmospheric CFC method of reduction
Hand pumped bottles instead of aerosols
29
Nitrous oxide generation
High temperature combustion
30
Carbon dioxide global warming potential
1
31
Tropospheric ozone residency time
Weeks/ months
32
Measuring Antarctic ice volume
GRACE gravity recovery and climate experiment
33
What method is used to locate and value ore deposits
Trial drilling as it produces a physical sample to confirm ore presence/ concentration
34
Explain how new technology for low ores could reduce environmental impacts
Leachate collection (concentrated metal ion solution) less drainage and waste issues Bioleeching (bacteria and fungi produce acids to dissolve metals) less energy intensive Phytomining (plants absorb low ores that are harvested and burnt) less energy and decontaminated the ground
35
Sampling methods
Random (Gridded area random allocation of coordinates) Systematic (gridded area with allocated intervals) Large sample sizes for reliancy
36
How does timber influence the long term storage of carbon
As furniture it’s stored As fuel the co2 will be released into the atmosphere
37
38
What does activated carbon treat
Organic pollutants
39
What does phytoremedation treat
Heavy metals
40
What does screening treat
Litter
41
What does sedimentation treat
Organic pollutants and suspended solids
42
What does UV treat
Pathogens
43
CFC properties
Chemically stable Chlorine radicals react with ozone- depleting it
44
How has the Montreal protocol contributed to increase in ozone
Reduced chlorine radicals from CFCs (restored the dynamic equilibrium) Hand pump replacing aerosols Old CFC containing machines to be disposed of correctly- not left in landfill
45
Effects of ozone depletion on living organisms
Increased uv reaching earths surface - skin cancer/ DNA damage - reduced photosynthesis - damage to corals
46
How does acid rain indirectly harm plants
Reduced decomposition in the soil causing a reduction of nutrient availability
47
Why is a logarithmic scale used for ore grade
Shows the laskey principle of exponential relationships
48
How would an increase in cut off grade affect the resource and reserves
Reserves will decrease (some becoming resource) Resource stays the same Previously low grade but exploitable ores wouldn’t be economically viable
49
Explain why other than purity a deposit wouldn’t be exploited
The thickness/ shape of the overburden my be too labour insensible therefore too costly to remove Overburden stability and depth, the ease of access as well as need for ventilation and engineering to prevent flooding in deep mines If the land is of high value for another reason e.g natural reserve or private land can cause tensions in the socioeconomic factors
50
How is the stratosphere heated
Uv Short wavelength Absorbed by ozone (converted into heat)
51
How is the troposphere heated
Infra red Long wavelength Absorbed by GHG e.g co2
52
How does agriculture contribute to soil erosion
Removing vegetation/ the crop- less roots holding the soil together so more wind and water erosion Ploughing- breaks up the peds which exposes the soil to wind and water erosion Livestock and heavy machinery compacts the soil- reducing infiltration of water and aeration so less surviving plants to hold the soil together
53
54
Why has the carbon stored in the biosphere changed over time
Less carbon stored in vegetation due to deforestation
55
Why has the carbon stored in the hydrosphere changed over time
More carbon is dissolved as co2 into warming oceans
56
Why has the carbon stored in the lithosphere changed over time
Removal and combustion of fossil fuels
57
What is the similarity of carbon sequestration and ccs
They both reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide
58
How are carbon sequestration and ccs different
Sequestration removes carbon from the atmosphere, ccs stops it from being released in the first place Sequestration is short term, ccs is long term
59
Sustainable ways to manage the carbon cycle
Renewable energy Afforestation Conserve peat bogs
60
Why would El Niño be measured over 3 months
Reliable mean Remove seasonal variations
61
Why is there a temperature threshold for El Niño
There will always be fluctuations
62
What is a tipping point
A threshold that marks an irreversible change
63
Why are tipping points concerning
There will be more extreme weather events - positive feedback eg land ice melting causing loss of albedo so further warming
64
Representative data of soil samples from a field
Collect 10 stratified samples at the same time of day and year
65
Phosphorous from soil into plants process
Uptake
66
Phosphorus from marine sediment to rocks in land process
Mountain formation
67
How has phosphorus increases sustainably due to human action
Use of organic fertiliser
68
What is resistivity
The ease of electrical current passing through rock
69
Advantage of using drones for mineral data
Large area of land covered in a short period of time
70
Advantage of trial drilling for mineral data
The only method that provides a physical sample to test the presence and stability
71
Five environmental impacts of mining
Noise pollution Dust pollution Water pollution Loss of amenity Landslides
72
How to reduce noise pollution
Create baffle mounds with the overburden as acoustic insulation
73
How to reduce dust pollution
Water spray to weigh the dust down causing it to remain grounded
74
How to reduce water pollution
Create lagoons for sediment to settle and release once the water isn’t turbid
75
How to reduce lost amenity
Plant trees and vegetation as a visual barrier
76
How to reduce land slides
Landscape the area- decrease the gradients and plant trees to hold the soils together
77
Why is sand so permeable
Large pore spaces between sand grains
78
How does soil texture affect nutrient levels in soils
Sandy have a high drainage which increases nutrient less by leeching Clay has minimal aeration so there is less de decomposition of DOM
79
How could sieving soil cause some loss
Some particles will remain in the sieve or lost as dust
80
What does a low slope gradient mean
Less soil loss as gravity is stronger than the bonds between soil particles
81
Why is less sediment is eroded from forests than farmland
Long term root binding the soil together
82
Variables of soil testing
Texture for permeability affecting the run off Soils depth for the water holding capacity
83
What does water turbidity cause
Reduced photosynthesis
84
What does increased sedimentation in water cause
Downstream flooding
85
Why would afforestation decrease ground water
More root uptake
86
How do changes ocean currents affect fishing
Reversed trade winds means reversed currents on the surface No nutrient upwelling so food chains collapse
87
How do El Niño event affect South America
Increased temp, rain/ tropical storms, disease spread and plant growth
88
Evaluate the methods of reducing global climate change
- the Montreal protocol (CFC replacement) success - Paris agreement (global temp risks limited to 2^) not all countries are involved - CCS is still being developed but is long term - afforestation is a short term carbon sink -renewable/ conserving energy is increasing (coal power in the uk is decreasing) - less meat diet (less methane) and composting waste - catalytic converters (for NOx) successfully implemented- increases tropospheric ozone
89
How do hydrothermal processes produce economically profitable metal ore deposits
Superheated mineral solutions flow along fissures in the rock away from the batholith. Minerals cool further from the source- different minerals have different soluabilities so crystallise fractionally
90
Why would a reduction in the market price affect the COOG
Increased purity so that there is economic viability
91
Why in energy intensity increase as the COOG decreases Qqa
More overburden has to be removed
92
What property of a mineral could make its presence detectable
Magnetism of iron is detected by magnetometry
93
How do CFCs decrease stratospheric ozone
CFCs are broken down by uv Release chlorine radicals Cl reacts with monatomic oxygen Prevents ozone generation (unbalanced dynamic equilibrium so concentration drops)
94
Why is ozone lover around Antarctica
Low temperature creates stratospheric clouds provides a catalyst for the chlorine displacement- more severe ozone depletion
95
Advantage of using aquifers over reservoirs
Less pollutants eg sewage No shortages- more reliable
96
Outline a plant to collect water samples from a river (relative to soil erosion)
Sample before and after cultivation and before and after raining Use a standard place and time to repeat the readings Measure the flow of water (how diluted the turbidity is)
97
How can satellites collect data on earths mass of ice
Low altitude orbits for short periods of time Gravity measurements Composite image GRACE
98
Why is it difficult to predict future changes to the amount of ice on land
-Ice cores aren’t available everywhere (knowledge of the past to predict the future) -Negative feedback (warmer means more clouds so albedo) -Positive feedback (warmer means less ice for albedo) -Natural processes (temp, rain, wind) -Time delay -Human actions (GHG, CCS, engineering)
99

ES Past Paper 1 Question (6 decks)

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