Overall content Flashcards by V costa

Mrs. Lee, an 82-year-old with heart failure, is readmitted due to medication non-adherence two weeks after discharge. What could have been done to prevent this?
- A) Increased frequency of hospital visits
- B) Comprehensive medication reconciliation and clear discharge instructions
- C) Prescribing a stronger medication
- D) Delay in follow-up appointments

B) Comprehensive medication reconciliation and clear discharge instructions

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Mr. Davis, a 75-year-old COPD patient, is discharged without a clear follow-up plan. He deteriorates at home. Which intervention could have improved his care?**
- A) No intervention needed
- B) Referral to a Community-Based Care Transitions Program
- C) Reducing his COPD medications
- D) Self-monitoring without medical follow-up

B) Referral to a Community-Based Care Transitions Program

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A 68-year-old patient presents with decayed teeth and dry mouth from her medications. Which medication class is most likely causing the dry mouth?**
- A) Antibiotics
- B) Antihypertensives
- C) Diuretics
- D) Anticholinergics

D) Anticholinergics

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Mr. Thompson, a 78-year-old, is complaining of loose dentures and oral discomfort. What should you recommend first?**
- A) Prescribe painkillers
- B) Recommend denture adhesive
- C) Encourage proper denture cleaning and schedule a denture adjustment
- D) Suggest stopping use of dentures altogether

C) Encourage proper denture cleaning and schedule a denture adjustment

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A 70-year-old patient presents with a persistent red patch in the mouth. What condition must you rule out?**
- A) Gingivitis
- B) Squamous cell carcinoma
- C) Canker sores
- D) Oral thrush

B) Squamous cell carcinoma

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Mrs. Watson, 72, reports increased glare while driving at night and difficulty reading. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?**
- A) Presbyopia
- B) Cataracts
- C) Glaucoma
- D) Retinal detachment

B) Cataracts

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A patient presents with progressive central vision loss and difficulty recognizing faces. What is the most likely diagnosis?**
- A) Cataracts
- B) Open-angle glaucoma
- C) Age-related macular degeneration
- D) Retinal detachment

C) Age-related macular degeneration

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Mrs. Carter reports difficulty hearing in noisy environments and ringing in her ears. What type of hearing loss does she likely have?**
- A) Conductive
- B) Sensorineural
- C) Mixed
- D) Central

B) Sensorineural

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A 65-year-old male presents with sudden onset of eye pain, headache, and blurred vision. What is the most likely diagnosis?**
- A) Closed-angle glaucoma
- B) Cataracts
- C) Presbyopia
- D) Macular degeneration

A) Closed-angle glaucoma

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Mr. Miller, 77, presents with sudden hearing loss in one ear and vertigo. When should you refer to an ENT specialist?**
- A) After prescribing antibiotics
- B) Immediately for further evaluation of possible vestibular pathology
- C) After two weeks of monitoring
- D) No referral needed

B) Immediately for further evaluation of possible vestibular pathology

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A 70-year-old male with depression reports insomnia. He meets the DSM-5 criteria for chronic insomnia, having trouble sleeping at least three times a week for over three months. What is the best next step?**
- A) Recommend over-the-counter sleep medications
- B) Prescribe benzodiazepines
- C) Refer to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
- D) Encourage the use of alcohol before bed

C) Refer to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)

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Mrs. Johnson, 68, reports frequent nighttime awakenings and daytime fatigue. She drinks caffeinated tea before bed and takes a diuretic in the evening. What intervention is most appropriate?**
- A) Increase the dose of her diuretic
- B) Eliminate caffeine and take the diuretic earlier in the day
- C) Recommend sleeping pills
- D) Advise her to nap during the day

B) Eliminate caffeine and take the diuretic earlier in the day

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A 70-year-old male with erectile dysfunction is being evaluated. Which condition is most likely contributing to his ED?**
- A) Depression
- B) Hyperlipidemia
- C) Anxiety
- D) Low testosterone

B) Hyperlipidemia

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Mrs. Stevens, 62, reports vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse. What is the most appropriate treatment?**
- A) Estrogen creams
- B) Antidepressants
- C) Testosterone patches
- D) Surgery

A) Estrogen creams

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You are educating a male patient on Viagra. Which of the following is essential to include?**
- A) It can be taken with nitrates for chest pain
- B) It should be taken right after a fatty meal
- C) It requires sexual stimulation to be effective
- D) It can be used with any heart medications

C) It requires sexual stimulation to be effective

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A patient is being treated for urge incontinence. What is the first-line treatment you would recommend?**
- A) Pelvic muscle exercises (Kegel exercises)
- B) Surgical intervention
- C) Anticholinergic medications
- D) Bladder removal

A) Pelvic muscle exercises (Kegel exercises)

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A 65-year-old woman complains of leaking urine when she sneezes or laughs. What type of urinary incontinence does she most likely have?**
- A) Urge incontinence
- B) Stress incontinence
- C) Overflow incontinence
- D) Functional incontinence

B) Stress incontinence

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A 75-year-old man presents with a history of nocturia and dribbling. He has an enlarged prostate on examination. What is the most likely type of incontinence?**
- A) Urge incontinence
- B) Stress incontinence
- C) Overflow incontinence
- D) Functional incontinence

C) Overflow incontinence

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An elderly woman has poor sleep, uses alcohol regularly before bed, and takes multiple medications, including a benzodiazepine for anxiety. Which strategy would improve her sleep?**
- A) Continue using alcohol before bed
- B) Discontinue the benzodiazepine and offer cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
- C) Increase alcohol use before bed
- D) Prescribe more sedatives

B) Discontinue the benzodiazepine and offer cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia

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Mr. Allen, an 85-year-old male, presents with sudden vision loss in one eye. He has jaw claudication and headaches. What is the most likely diagnosis?**
- A) Temporal arteritis
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Cataracts
- D) Retinal detachment

A) Temporal arteritis

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A 76-year-old man reports waking up multiple times during the night to urinate, often related to drinking fluids late in the evening. He is also taking a diuretic at night. What is the most appropriate intervention?**
- A) Prescribe sleep medications
- B) Encourage him to continue his current regimen
- C) Suggest earlier fluid intake and adjust diuretic timing
- D) Refer to urology immediately

C) Suggest earlier fluid intake and adjust diuretic timing

A 75-year-old male presents with loose, poorly fitting dentures and painful oral sores. What is the most likely complication of his condition?**
- A) Oral cancer
- B) Squamous cell carcinoma
- C) Malnutrition due to difficulty eating
- D) Gingivitis

C) Malnutrition due to difficulty eating

A 72-year-old woman is diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. What is the best initial management strategy?**
- A) Recommend weight loss and a CPAP machine
- B) Prescribe sedatives
- C) Encourage alcohol use before bed
- D) Suggest sleeping in a seated position

A) Recommend weight loss and a CPAP machine

A 68-year-old woman is diagnosed with periodontitis. What is the most common organism associated with this condition?**
- A) Staphylococcus aureus
- B) Porphyromonas gingivalis
- C) Candida albicans
- D) Streptococcus mutans

B) Porphyromonas gingivalis

A 70-year-old man reports seeing dark spots in his central vision. What is the most likely diagnosis?** - A) Cataracts - B) Retinal detachment - C) Age-related macular degeneration - D) Open-angle glaucoma

- C) Age-related macular degeneration

A 78-year-old woman is discharged from the hospital after being treated for pneumonia. She is unsure about her medications and follow-up care. What should have been done to improve her transition from hospital to home?** - A) Provide her with a list of medications without explanations - B) Assign a nurse navigator to explain her discharge plan and arrange follow-up - C) Advise her to read her discharge papers on her own - D) Refer her to a specialist without further instructions

- B) Assign a nurse navigator to explain her discharge plan and arrange follow-up

**A 70-year-old male patient with multiple comorbidities was readmitted due to confusion about his medication regimen post-discharge. Which intervention could have prevented this?** - A) A follow-up phone call within 48 hours of discharge - B) No need for follow-up - C) Giving him only verbal instructions without written guidance - D) Refer him to the ER

- A) A follow-up phone call within 48 hours of discharge

A 68-year-old female reports difficulty hearing conversations in noisy environments. Upon examination, she is diagnosed with presbycusis. What is the best management option?** - A) Recommend earplugs - B) Hearing aids to improve her ability to hear in noisy environments - C) Antibiotics for an ear infection - D) Surgical correction

- B) Hearing aids to improve her ability to hear in noisy environments

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes is experiencing gradual bilateral hearing loss. What type of hearing loss is most likely occurring?** - A) Conductive hearing loss - B) Sensorineural hearing loss - C) Central hearing loss - D) Mixed hearing loss

- B) Sensorineural hearing loss

Mr. Hernandez, a 74-year-old man, presents with hearing loss in one ear following a viral infection. What is the most appropriate action?** - A) Wait and see if symptoms resolve - B) Refer to ENT for further evaluation of possible sensorineural hearing loss - C) Prescribe antibiotics - D) Recommend earwax removal

- B) Refer to ENT for further evaluation of possible sensorineural hearing loss

A 75-year-old female reports that she wakes up several times a night, despite going to bed at a consistent time. She takes sedatives before bed. What is the best management?** - A) Discontinue sedatives and initiate cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) - B) Increase the dose of sedatives - C) Advise her to drink alcohol before bed - D) Suggest more daytime naps

- A) Discontinue sedatives and initiate cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)

A 78-year-old man has difficulty falling asleep, frequently wakes up during the night, and experiences daytime sleepiness. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What is the most likely diagnosis?** - A) Insomnia - B) Obstructive sleep apnea - C) Narcolepsy - D) Restless leg syndrome

- B) Obstructive sleep apnea

A 72-year-old male with diabetes reports erectile dysfunction. What is the most likely cause of his condition?** - A) Depression - B) Vascular complications from diabetes - C) Low testosterone levels - D) Anxiety

- B) Vascular complications from diabetes

A 65-year-old female presents with complaints of vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse. What is the best treatment to recommend?** - A) Antihistamines - B) Topical estrogen cream - C) Diuretics - D) Antidepressants

- B) Topical estrogen cream

A 70-year-old woman reports leaking urine when she laughs or exercises. What type of incontinence is she most likely experiencing?** - A) Urge incontinence - B) Stress incontinence - C) Overflow incontinence - D) Functional incontinence

- B) Stress incontinence

A patient with multiple sclerosis has urinary incontinence. She reports not feeling the urge to void and experiencing overflow incontinence. What type of incontinence does she most likely have?** - A) Stress incontinence - B) Urge incontinence - C) Overflow incontinence due to neurogenic bladder - D) Functional incontinence

- C) Overflow incontinence due to neurogenic bladder

Mr. Jones, a 76-year-old man, experiences urinary urgency and often cannot make it to the bathroom in time. Which of the following is the best first-line treatment - A) Pelvic floor muscle exercises - B) Surgery - C) Fluid restriction - D) Anticholinergic medications

- A) Pelvic floor muscle exercises

A 69-year-old patient has tooth pain and inflamed gums. On examination, you note dental decay and plaque buildup. What is the most likely diagnosis?** - A) Gingivitis - B) Periodontitis - C) Oral cancer - D) Oral thrush

- B) Periodontitis

An older adult patient with dentures presents with dry mouth, making it difficult for her to keep her dentures in place. What could be contributing to her symptoms?** - A) Anticholinergic medications - B) Low water intake - C) Overuse of denture adhesive - D) Poor denture hygiene

- A) Anticholinergic medications

A 75-year-old patient reports that her vision has become cloudy and she experiences difficulty seeing at night. What is the most likely diagnosis?** - A) Cataracts - B) Macular degeneration - C) Open-angle glaucoma - D) Retinal detachment

- A) Cataracts

A 68-year-old patient presents with increased difficulty reading and blurred vision at close distances. She denies any pain or redness in her eyes. What is the most likely cause? - A) Presbyopia - B) Glaucoma - C) Retinal detachment - D) Conjunctivitis

A) Presbyopia

A patient with multiple chronic conditions is discharged without a clear care plan. Two weeks later, they are readmitted for exacerbation of a chronic condition. What intervention could have improved this outcome?** - A) Community-based care transition program involvement - B) No intervention required - C) Self-monitoring without medical follow-up - D) Delayed follow-up appointments

A) Community-based care transition program involvement

A 74-year-old male presents with gradual hearing loss. Upon testing, bone conduction is greater than air conduction in the affected ear. What type of hearing loss does he have? - A) Conductive hearing loss - B) Sensorineural hearing loss - C) Mixed hearing loss - D) Central hearing loss

- A) Conductive hearing loss

A 70-year-old woman presents with complaints of frequent urinary urgency. She reports leaking before she reaches the bathroom. What is the best first-line treatment option?** - A) Bladder training exercises - B) Anticholinergic medications - C) Surgery - D) Fluid restriction

- A) Bladder training exercises

A male patient reports nocturia and difficulty starting urination. His post-void residual urine volume is high. What type of incontinence is he most likely experiencing?** - A) Stress incontinence - B) Urge incontinence - C) Overflow incontinence - D) Functional incontinence

- C) Overflow incontinence

An older adult is taking benzodiazepines for insomnia. She reports increasing tolerance and dependence on the medication. What is the best alternative treatment?** - A) Increase the dose of benzodiazepines - B) Recommend cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) - C) Add a second sedative medication - D) Advise more daytime naps

- B) Recommend cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)

A 65-year-old woman reports reduced interest in sex following menopause. She also experiences vaginal dryness. What treatment is most appropriate?** - A) Oral testosterone - B) Vaginal estrogen cream - C) Antidepressants - D) Estrogen patches

- B) Vaginal estrogen cream

A male patient with diabetes reports erectile dysfunction. What is the first-line treatment option?** - A) Sildenafil (Viagra) - B) Testosterone therapy - C) Surgery - D) Psychotherapy

- A) Sildenafil (Viagra)

A 70-year-old man has a white patch on the side of his tongue that doesn’t wipe away. What should be your next step in management?** - A) Reassure the patient - B) Perform a biopsy to rule out leukoplakia - C) Prescribe antifungal medication - D) Prescribe antibiotics

- B) Perform a biopsy to rule out leukoplakia

A 68-year-old man presents with peripheral vision loss and high intraocular pressure. What is the most likely diagnosis?** - A) Open-angle glaucoma - B) Cataracts - C) Macular degeneration - D) Presbyopia

- A) Open-angle glaucoma