Overall test 3 review Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
What is the major point of muscle origination on the pubis?
A
- iliac fossa on the ilium
2
Q
What occurs at the obturator foramen?
A
- the obturator forament allows for the passage of nerves and vessels from the pelvis to the thigh
3
Q
Which muscle is absent in 20% of the population?
A
- psoas minor muscle (not very relevant)
4
Q
What is the function of the psoas major?
A
- to act in the motion of hip flexion, this is the most important flexor muscle of the joint
5
Q
What is the origin of the psoas major?
A
– on the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae in front of the quadratus lumborum
6
Q
What is the origin for the Quadratus lumborum?
A
- the inferior aspect of the 12th ribs and to the lateral aspect of the transverse processes
7
Q
What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?
A
- when acting in a unilateral motion lateral flexion to the ipsilateral side occurs
- when acting bilaterally extension of the back will occur
- during respiration will act to increase the volume of the thorax to aid in inspiration
8
Q
What does the subcostal nerve innervate?
A
- it acts similar to ventral rami, somatic senorsy, somatic motor, and postganglionic sympathetic
9
Q
Where does the subcoastal nerve exit from?
A
- it exits just beneath the 12th rib similar to an intercostal nerve
10
Q
Where does the ilohypogastric nerve innervate?
A
- it innervates the lateral and anterior thoracic wall and into the thing
11
Q
Where does the genitofemoral nerve exit the vetebral column?
A
- it exits at the L1/L2 rami, and runs in front of the psoas major
12
Q
What is unique about the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve regarding its innervation?
A
- it does not contain somatic motor units just somatic sensory, not typical ventral rami nerve
13
Q
Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve exit the pelvis?
A
- it exits through space under the anterior superior illiac space and over inguina ligament
14
Q
What is the largest nerve, and what is its function?
A
- the femoral nerve and it comes from L2-L4 rami, responsible for the motion needed to kick a ball, contains sypical somatic motor, sensory and post ganglionic sympathetics
- also acts in knee extension and hip flexion
15
Q
Where does the obturator nerve pass?
A
- through the obturator foramen
16
Q
What is unique about the sensory innervation of the obturator nerve?
A
- it stops at the knee
17
Q
What is the lumbrosacral trunk?
A
- the connection between lumbar plexus and the sacral plexus and it is the pathway to the sciatic nerve
18
Q
What are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall from superficial to deep?
A
- skin
- campers fascia
- scarpas fascia
- 3 layers of muscle
- transversalis fascia
- parietal peritoneum
- abdominal organs
19
Q
What is the function of the sympathetic trunk?
A
- to act as the paravetebrbral ganglion
- it is medial to everything
20
Q
Where is insertion for the rectus abdominus?
A
- on costal cartilages and the xiphoid process
21
Q
Do the fibers of rectus abdominus run laterally or vertically? Where are they wider?
A
- vertical and are wider more superiorly
22
Q
How many tendinous insertions are there for the rectus abdominus and where are they attached?
A
- 4 insertions that insert to the superficial divisions of the rectus sheath
23
Q
Where is the origin of the rectus abdominis and what is its function?
A
- it originates at the pubis and functions to flex the trunk and aid in forceful expiration
24
Q
True or false the internal and external oblique muscles’ fibers run in the same direction?
A
- False they run at right angles to one another
25
What is the aponuerosis?
- It is a flat sheet like membrane that is avascular
26
What is the boarder of the external and internal oblique on?
- the inguinal ligament
27
What is the shape of the internal abdominal oblique?
- it is a fan shaped muscle
28
What is the function of the internal oblique?
- to twist the torso
29
Where is the origin of the internal oblique?
- on the iliac crest and the iliac spine
30
What is the name of the line that divide the upper 3/4 from the lower 1/4 of anterior abdominal wall?
- the arcuate line also in the lower portion there is not deep fascia between the rectus abdominis and the TF
31
Which epigastric artery supplies most of the rectus abdominus with blood and what does it arise from?
- the inferior gastric artery and comes from the external iliac artery
32
What is the function of the falciform ligament?
- it anchors the organs such as the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and it is made of peretienion (sic)
33
What is the ligamentum teres derives from?
-from the umbilical vein
34
What connects the bladder to the umbilical cord?
The median umbilical ligament (urachus)
35
What does the obliterated umbilical artery turn into after birth?
- the umbilical ligament it drapes over part of the umbilical
36
What is another name for the lateral umbilical ligament?
- the inferior epigastric artery
| - it drapers the lateral umbilical ligament
37
What type of muscle contraction causes rotation?
- unilateral to the ipsilateral side
38
T/F the abdominal wall muscles aid in intraabdominal pressure changes?
- True
- Stabilization of the trunk during strenous physical effort to hold breath and tighten abs called Valsalva's manuever
- forceful expiration
- coughing and sneezing, also during urination and defecation, labor and delivery
39
Where does the sensory innervation to the skin come from and motor innervation to the anterior abdominal wall muscles come from?
- - Ventral rami from the ower 5 intercostal nerves (T7-11)
- subcostal (T12)
- ilohypogastric/iloinguinal nerves (L1)
40
Are the testes inside or outside the body cavity?
- outside
41
What are the contents of the spermatic cord?
- ductus deferents
- testicular artery
- pampiniform plexus of vein and testicular vein
- genitofermoral nerve (for the cremaster muscle)
- autonomic nerves
- lymphatics
42
Where do the gonads begin their journey?
- on posterior abdominal wall
43
What do the gonads pass through?
- they pass through the inguinal hole which is too small for its passage so it takes some of the surrounding muscle with it
44
What is the gubernaculum
- it is the cord that attaches to the gonads that pull them forward and eventually to the outside of the body
45
Are the gonads always at the same vertebral level?
- no they begin at the same height as the kidneys and descend to their present level
46
Do the gonads move through the abdominal cavity?
- no they begin at the back and move along the wall and move forward and down
47
What anchors the gonads to the scrotum?
- the gubernaculum
48
What is the female counterpart to the scrotum in males?
- the skin of the labia majorum because it attaches to the gubernaculum
49
What are the 3 inguinal rings?
Deep
Middle
superficial
50
What does the internal spermatic fascia come from?
- at the deep inguinal ring there is a transition between the transveralis fascia and becomes the internal spermatic fascia
51
Which abdominal muscle is not in the spermatic cord?
- the transveris abdominus
52
What does the internal abdominal oblique turn into?
- the cremaster muscle
53
What is the external spermatic fascia derived from?
- It is derived from the external abdominal oblique
54
What is more likely to occur if there is not proper closure of these rings?
- hernias
55
What is the name of the gap that these testes fit through?
- Sub-muscular gap
56
Is it common for the loop of bowel to extend into the scrotum in a direct inguinal hernia?
- no it usually does not pass into the scrotum but it does pass medial to both the deep and middle rings and exits through the deep ring
57
Does a direct inguinal hernia impede on the inferior epigastric artery?
- no because it passes medial to it
58
In an indirect inguinal hernia where does the loop of bowel pass?
It passes down the processus vaginalis and medial to the inferior epigastric
59
How many rings does the indirect hernia pass through?
- all 3 rings
60
What is the most common inguinal hernia in males and in females?
- in males the indirect is the most common type and in females they are equal with a 1:1 ratio
61
What is an incarcerated hernia?
- it is when the intestine is trapped in the scrotum then it can become necrotic
62
What is the vitelline duct?
- it is found in the fetus and it is the entry from the umbilicus where all nutrients enter the gut tube
63
How is innervation and blood supply supplied to the gut tube?
- when the gut tube is divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut the nerves and vessels attach at this point and maintain their segments
64
What are the parts of the foregut?
- esophagus
- stomach
- 1st half of duodenum
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancrease
- spleen
65
What organs are derived from the midgut?
- 2nd half of duadenum
- jejunum
- ileum
- cecum and appendix
- ascending colon
- 2/3 of transverse colon
66
What organs make up the hindgut?
- 1/3 transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
67
What arteries supply the foregut derivatives?
- celiac artery
68
What supplies the midgut and hindgut?
- superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery
69
What path do the postganglionic nerves take in the gut?
- they follow the vessels that supply them
70
Do blood vessels travel through the paritoneal cavity?
- No, when the gut tube descends to the middle of the peritoneal cavity it takes with it a mesentery
- the blood vessels follow these mesenteries
71
What does it mean when an organ is said to be secondarily retroperitoneal?
-It is when an organ begins in the middle of the cavity then through development it falls back to the dorsal wall of the cavity, and becomes associated with the wall and loses half of its visceral peritoneal.
72
Which part of the stomach is the greater curvature?
-It is the outer side of the stomach that has the longer wall and is on the left side of the body, which is also site of blood supply and attachment to the mesentery.
73
Which area of the stomach is radiographically visible?
- the fundus because it is air filled and appears dark on a radiograph
74
Which ligament attaches the stomach to the liver?
the hepatogastric ligament (part of the lesser omentum)
75
What is the epiploic/omental foramen?
- passageway between the omentum and the body wall
76
What does the heptoduadenal ligament connect?
- the liver and the duadenum
77
Which parts of the duodenum is mesenteric and which part is secondarily retroperitoneal?
- The 1st section is mesenteric and sections 2-4 are retroperitoneal
78
What is the lesser sac?
- It is an area posterior to the lesser omentum and entered through the omental foramen?
79
What is the greater omentum, and what importance does it have?
- It is the flap of mesentery that suspends the transverse colon from greater curvature, and divides the cavity so there is a greater sac, and when the internal organs are injured it will adhere to the organ and form a seal around the lesion so healing can occur, it is also movable with body movements,
80
What does the linorenal ligament connect?
- the kidneys to the spleen
81
How soon after the aorta enters the abdomen does it give rise to the celiac?
- as soon as it passes through the diaphragm and enters the abdomen
82
Does the splenic artery pass posterior or anterior to the stomach?
- posterior
83
Which arteries does the splenic artery give rise to?
- the left gastroomental artery
| - short gastric aa.
84
When the common heptatic a. branches it gives rise to two major arteries, what are they?
- the hepatic artery proper
| - gastroduodenal
85
What arteries supply the gall bladder?
- the cystic artery
86
What does the right gastric artery branch off of?
- off of the hapatic artery proper
87
Which omentum do the right and left gastroomental aa. Anastamose?
- the greater ommentum on the inferior side of the stomach
88
Where do the left and righ gastric aa. anastamose?
- the lesser omentum
89
What connects the stomach to the transverse colon?
- gastrocolon ligament
90
What does the upper branch of the left gastric artery do?
- goes to thorax and is important blood supply to distal esophagus
91
What ligament is superior to the celiac artery?
- median arcuate ligament
92
How many lobes are there in the liver?
- 4
| - right left caudate and quadate
93
What does the falciform ligament attach the liver to?
- the midline on the anterior abdominal wall
94
What attaches the liver to the umbilicus?
- the ligamentum teres
95
What skeletal structure covers the liver?
- the lower rib cage
96
When the falciform ligament ascends to the superior portion of the liver it divides what is it called once it divides?
-The coronary ligament, and it forms a reflection that is continuous with the inferior side of the diaphragm.
97
What fissure seperates the quadate lobe from the caudate?
- the horizontal fissure?
98
What is the section of the liver where the blood enters and bile exits?
- the porta heptis
99
What function does the ligamentum venosum play in a fetus and what is it continuous with in an adult?
- it is the pathway to the IVC in a fetus and it is continuous with the lesser omentum in an adult
100
What ligament covers the porta hepatis?
- the hepatoduodenal ligament
101
What is the route of metastasis from the abdomen to the thorax through the diaphragm?
-when the bare area of the liver becomes retroperitoneal it opens the lymph drainage through the diaphragm
102
What is the function of the portal vein?
- it dumps blood from the gut in the liver to be detoxified
103
- True or false venous drainage occurs through the porta hepatis?
- False it occurs through the hepatic vein to the IVC just below the diaphragm
104
Which artery does the cystic artery branch off of?
- off of the right hepatic artery
105
Justify this statement: the right hepatic artery not only supplies the right lobe and the quadate and caudate lobes as well?
-The right hepatic artery only supplies the right lobe. Or the left hepatic artery supplies left, caudate, quadate lobes.
106
What is the course of bile?
-Bile is produced in the liver then unused bile by the duodenum is stored in the gall bladder, then when needed it travels down the cystic duct, then to the common bile duct, and finally out to the duodenum through the sphincter of oddi, and the major papilla
107
What part of the pancreas is not secondarily retroperitoneal?
- the tail
108
What is the uncinate process of the pancreas?
- It is the portion of the pancreas that folds back to the body of the pancreas in the lesser curvature of the duodenum.
109
What is the tail of the pancreas in?
- the linorenal ligament
110
What is another name for the ampulla of Vater?
- the hepatopancreatico ampulla
111
What is the name of the mesentery that suspends the small intestines and its aa?
- the mesentery or the mesenterry proper
112
What is the function of the transverse mesecolon?
-it attaches to over the pancrease draping down from the transverse colon
113
What is the name of the artery that branches off of the illeocolic a. that supplies the ascending colon?
- the right colic a
114
Where is the foregut/midgut transition?
- between segments 2 and 3 in the duodenum
115
What spinal segment does the superior mesenteric artery originate from?
- From the L1 spinal region
116
What are the names of the branches of the SMA that supply jejunum and ileum?
- the intestinal branches
117
T/F the ICA is retroperitoneal artery as well is the ileal artery that branches off of it
- False, the ICA is retroperitoneal but the ileal turns into mesentery when it supplies the distal portion of the ileum?
118
What spinal region does the inferior mesenteric artery originate from?
- L3 region
119
Does the superior rectal a. remain in the abdomen?
- no it descends into the pelvis
120
Does the inferior mesenteric artery spend most of its time in its mesentery?
- no it is mostly retroperitoneal
121
Even though the left colic artery is mostly retroperitoneal what artery does it anastomose with?
- with the middle colic artery at the transition of the transverse colon and the descending colon (or the left colic flexure)
122
What is the area called where the ileocolic a. anastomoses with the right colic artery?
- the ileocecal junction
123
What is the difference between the arcades coming off of the intestinal aa in the jejunum and ileum?
- The jejunum only has 2 short rows with long Vasa recti, while the ileum has 4 long arcades with shorter Vasa recti.
124
Is the appendix considered a lymph organ?
- yes
125
Is the descending aorta retroperitoneal?
- yes
126
Where does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
- Through the aortic hiatus at the T12 vertebrae
127
At which position of the aorta lie?
- It lies just left to the left side of the midline
128
What are the three categories that the aorta branch into?
- into the body wall, to the kidneys and glands/and to the gut
129
What branch of the aorta comes off at the bifurcation and at what level does it bifurcate?
- The median sacral a. and at the L4 region and splits into the iliac aa.
130
How many lumbar paired aa are there?
- 3 pairs
131
How many paired gonadal aa. are there and that are their names?
- 1 pair
| - testicular aa. and ovarian aa.
132
What artery does the inferior suprarenal artery branch off of?
- From the renal artery
133
From what vetebral area does the renal branch off at?
- From L1 to L2
134
Which renal artery is longer the right or the left?
- the right renal artery is longer becausse the aorta is off set to the left of the midline.
135
True or false, similar to the aa. That supply the kidneys and glands the aortic branches to the gut are paired as well?
- No in fact they are unpaired
136
From which vertebral body to the arteries that supply the gut branch off at?
- The celiac a. ( upper L1)
- superior mesenteric a (lower L1)
- inferior mesenteric a. (L3)
137
Where does the IVC form?
- At the L5 region from the combining of the iliac veins
138
Does the IVC drain the gut, where is it situated with regards to the midline?
- It does not drain the gut and it forms to the right of the midline
139
Where does the IVC pierce the diaphragm?
- At the T8 area called the Vena caval foramen
140
Which veiin drains the liver which subsequently drain into the gut?
- the hepatic vv
141
What does the left suprarenal v drain into?
- into the renal vein
142
Where does the left suprarenal vein drain into?
- the left renal vein
143
Where does the left gonadal vein drain into?
Into the left renal vein
144
T/F the right gonadal vein drains directly into the IVC
True
145
True or false, the right suprarenal vein drains directly into the right renal vein just as the left one
False it drains into the IVC
146
Which renal vein crosses anterior to the aorta and inferior to the origin of the SMA?
- the left renal vein
147
Does the common iliac artery lie posterior or anterior to the common iliac vein?
It lies anterior to the common iliac vein
148
Do the lymphatics follow the path of the arteries?
Yes but the reverse course
149
What is the name of the beginning of the thoracic duct, that collects the intestinal trunks?
- the cisterna chili
150
Where does lymph from the body wall drain?
- Into the aortic nodes which drain into the thoracic duct
151
Lymph that is superior to the umbilicus drains where, and what if it is inferior?
- superior = axillary nodes
| - inferior= superficial inguinal nodes then to deep inguinal and aortic nodes
152
Where do the bare area of the liver and upper stomach drain?
- through the diaphragm and into the thoracic duct
153
Besides drainage through the diaphragm what is another route of metastasis?
- the descending and sigmoid colons drain into the posterior body wall
154
How does blood drain from the gut into the liver?
- via the portal vein
155
Where is the formation of the portal vein?
- posterior to the pyloric sphincter and behind the neck of the pancreas
156
All veins that drain the foregut structures share their names with the aa except which one?
- the celiac artery
157
What is portal hypertension?
- it is when anastomoses become engorged with blood and the engorgements are called varices
158
What are the four anastomoses between the portal system and the caval venous system?
1. the left gastric vein (of portal v.) and azygos vein (of SVC)
2. superior rectal vein (portal v.) and middle and inferior rectal veins ( IVC)
3. paraumbilical vein (portal vein) and thoracoepigastric v. (SVC), and inferior and superior epigastric vv (IVC)
4. inferior mesenteric vein (portal v.) and posterior abdominal wall IVC branches and connected to the hemiazygos v. (SVC)
159
What are the resulting varices called with the left gastric vein (of portal v) and azygous vein?
- esophageal varices
-The resulting esophageal varices are dangerous because they can bulge into the lumen of the esophagus and rupture when food passes causing internal bleeding.
This is the most common cause of death in patients with portal hypertension.
160
What are the resulting varices called that are associated with the superior rectal vein and middle and inferior rectal veins?
- rectal varices
- They are rectal varices, that is accompanied with bright red bleeding which is in direct contrast to upper GI bleeding which is tar-colored, that is caused by the digestion of the blood.
161
What are varices associated with paraumbilical vein and thoracoepigastric v. and inferior/superior epigastric?
- caput medusae
| - they lie in the skin and give a pattern that radiates from the umbilicus and looks like snakes
162
What verices are associated with the inferior mesenteric vein and posterior abdominal wall branches connected to hemiazygous?
- mainly on the descending colon
| - asymptomatic
163
What does the parasympathetic innervation do to the gut?
- It increases blood flow to the digestive organs
- increases secretion by digestive glands
- aids in elimination of urine and feces
- rest and digest
164
What is the effect of sympathetics on the urinary system?
- slowing the production of waste, while retaining it inside the body until the proper time to release it
165
What are the two paths that the parasympathetics take?
- from the vagus nerve and the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4) these supply the hindgut and pelvis
166
What is the route of visceral pain from the pelvic organs and abdominal organs?
- it follows the sympathetic innervation except that it just travels to the white rami communicans then to the dorsal ganglion
167
What are the two types of visceral sensation?
- visceral pain
| - visceral afferents
168
How is visceral pain described?
- as a dull or diffuse poorly localized pain
169
What type of stimuli causes visceral pain?
- Ischemia, prolonged smooth muscle contractions, distention, stomach acid, and chemical irritations
170
What is the incorrect terminology for the visceral pain pathways?
- sympathetic sensory, or sympathetic afferent, this due to the pathway it takes
171
Do the visceral pain axons for the lower abdomen and pelvis follow the sympathetics as they do in the upper abdomen?
-No they follow the parasympathetics (pelvic splanchnic nerves)as far as they spinal nerve proper, then they pass through the dorsal root, like the somatic sensory axons and into the dorsal root ganglia.
172
What is visceral afferents?
-Most are not perceived consciously, and they help to regulate autonomic function, some VA that reach consciousness include hunger and nausea.
173
What carries the visceral afferents of the upper abdomen and thorax, and for the lower abdomen and pelvis?
- the vagus nerve
| - and the pelvic splanchnic nerves respectfully
174
What is referred pain?
-Is when a stimulus affect an internal organ causing visceral pain, then the pain is felt in the dermatomes because somatic pain is felt. This is very valuable for diagnosis.
175
Name the parts of the urinary systems as urine passes?
- kidneys (pyraminds, renal pelvis) ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
176
Are the kidneys primarily retroperitoneal?
- Yes they are while the lower parts of the ureters and urinary bladder are subperitoneal
177
What is the urogenital system derived from?
- it is derived from mesoderm
178
What is the renal pelvis?
- It is the collecting area of the urine in the kidney
179
Does the kidney have collateral circulation?
- No it does not
180
Where does the renal aa. and vv. drain to?
- To renal column
181
How much of the kidney is made up of cortex?
- the outer 1/3 is cortex including the columns and the rest is medulla
182
Are the renal pyramids part of the cortex or medulla?
- The medulla
183
What artery supplies the proximal ureters?
- The renal artery
184
What supplies the middle portion of the ureters?
- the gonadal aa.
185
What supplies the ureters in pelvis?
- supplied from the internal iliac aa
186
Do the ureters pass anterior or posterior to the gonadal vessels?
- they pass posterior (water under the bridge)
187
Which of the urinary sphincters are skeletal and which is smooth?
- The external urinary sphincter is of skeletal muscle and the internal one is of smooth muscle
188
Which sphincter is continuous with the detrusor muscle?
- The internal urinary sphincter because the are both smooth muscle structures
189
What part of the trigone are the openings for the ureters situated?
- They are found at the corners that form the base of the trigone
190
Where does sympathetic innervation to the urogenital system come from?
- The greater and lesser splanchnic nerves (T11)
191
What is the name of the ganglion that supplies the kidneys near the aorta?
- the aorticorenal ganglion
192
Where is the renal plexus?
- near the kidneys
193
How is the amount of urine controlled?
- By the amount of blood that passes through the kidneys
194
Do parasympathetics dilate or constrict blood vessels to the kidney?
- They dilate the renal vessels, causing increased blood flow and urine production.
195
What action do the sympathetics have on the ureters?
- they decrease peristalsis
196
What somatic motor function do the sympathetics have on the bladder?
- From the pudendal nerve they cause the internal sphincter to constrict and close, these are the involuntary muscles. Then the external urinary sphincter which is under voluntary control, is controlled consciously
197
Overall what affect do the sympathetics have on waste management?
- opposite of parasympathetics
198
What structures are common to both sexes and then which are specific?
```
Common= urters, urinary bladder, rectum.
Male= ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate.
Female= ovaries, uterine tubes, cervix and vagina.
```
199
What is the pelvic brim?
- it marks the transition between the abdomen and the pelvis
200
What are the external sex organs considered?
- they are considered to be perineum structure
201
What percentages that make up semen?
- 70% from seminal vesicles
- 20% from prostate
and 5% from the testis
202
What does the common pathway form?
- it forms the prostate
203
What is the ampulla of ductus deferens?
- it is a ballooned terminal portion of the ductus deferens
204
What is endometriosis?
- It is an overgrowth of the uterine lining and can cause problems with reproduction.
205
What structures are subperitoneum?
- the bladder
- prostate
- seminal vesicles
- urethra
206
What is a common place for the accumulation of infections and abseces?
- The rectovesical pouch, which is the lowest point in the peritoneal cavity in an individual (male)
207
Why are women at a greater risk for urinary infection?
- Because their urethra is much shorter and simpler than their male counter part.
208
What are the two pouches in women called?
-They are the vesicouterine, and rectouterine pouches.
209
What is a culdocentesis?
- When a sample is taken through the posterior fornix of vagina to rectouterine pouch to test for infection
210
What structure is the round ligament continous with?
- the labia majorum
211
What 3 parts make up the broad ligament?
- the mesosalpinx (uterine tube)
- mesometrium (uterus)
- mesovarium (ovary)
212
Are the ovaries anterior or posterior to the broad ligament?
- posterior
213
Are the mesenteries that cover the uterus similar to the mesenteries that cover the gut?
- no they are not the same but they are doubled folded membranes
214
what ligament do the ovarian vessels run in?
- the suspensory ligament
215
What is significant with the uterus when a woman ages, and what are the controlling ligaments?
- As a women ages the transverse cervical and uterosacral ligaments can become weakened over time from child birth and age, then the uterus can descend into the vagina and possibly out to the external. In menopausal women a common surgery is to tighten up the ligaments to prevent this.
216
uterine prolapse
- what happens to woman with age and child birth, the uterus descends into the vagina and possible out to the external
217
What does the internal iliac artery supply?
-It supplies the organs of the pelvis and perineum, and its branching is varible and many anastomoses.
218
How is the rectum innervated?
- similar to the bladder
219
Where does visceral pain from the pelvic organs follow?
- it follows the parasympathetics along the pelvic splanchnic nerves
220
Where does the pain from the upper bladder and fundus follow?
- follows similar to the abdominal organs, backward along sympathetics to L1
