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RAD THERA > OVERVIEW > Flashcards

OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

tx of Ca less commonly (TD, BD, NCG)

A

RADIOTHERAPY

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2
Q

radthera uses this ionizing radiation

A

HIGH ENERGY XRS

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3
Q

Fx of radiotherapy

A
  • disrupt ability CA CELLS to GROW/ DIVIDE
  • KILL ca cells
  • SLOWing their GROWTH
  • SHRINKING TUMORS (for surgery)
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4
Q

radt is given as

A

OUTPATIENT (5x a week)

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5
Q

Whys is radt given in a short period of time

A

for normal cells to - RECOVER, REPAIR, REPOPULATE

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6
Q

has sufficient energy to alter atomic structure

A

IONIZING RADIATION

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7
Q

characteristics of ionizing rad

A
  • INVISIBLE
  • SILENT
  • PAIN FREE
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8
Q

has suff. energy to cause EXCITATION

A

NON IONIZING RADIATION

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9
Q

based on tertiary hospitals

A

RADIOTHERAPY DEPARTMENTS

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10
Q

radiotherapy in combi with chemotherapy

A

CHEMORADIATION

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11
Q

4 intents

A
  • RADICAL/CURATIVE
  • ADJUVANT
  • PALLIATIVE
  • NEO ADJUVANT
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12
Q
  • way of curing ca
  • uses rad to kill ca cells but min. damage to normal tissues
  • often combi w/ chemo
A

RADICAL/CURATIVE

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13
Q
  • addition to curative surgery
  • POSTOPERATIVE IRRADIATION / AFTER SURGERY
  • reduce risk of local recurrence
    fx: avoid/kill/remove microscopic spread
A

ADJUVANT

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14
Q
  • accepts ca as INCURABLE
  • control the symptoms
  • All ca sites
    e: prostate ca w/ bone metastasis
A

PALLIATIVE

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15
Q
  • radthera + chemo to shrink ca cell

- prior to surgery = higher success of surgery

A

NEO ADJUVANT

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16
Q
  • high energy xrs
  • penetrate deeper into body tissue but spare over-lying skin
  • produce: SECONDARY ELECTRONS w/in tissue
  • cause: DNA DAMAGE to both ca + normal cells
A

PHOTONS`

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17
Q
  • for superficial maligancies
  • damage dna directly
  • deliver dose superficially
  • continue to travel
A

ELECTRONS

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18
Q

this generates and delivers the 2 main ways of delivering radt

A

LINAC (linear accelerator)

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19
Q
  • gen. reserved for v. specific circumstances such as children w brain tumor
  • very little dose is delivered to NORML tissues
  • deliver to specific areas only, no further penetration
A

PROTONS

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20
Q

can often repair damage and survive except when radt is too much or not calibrated which results in being stiill damaged

A

NORMAL TISSUE

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21
Q
  • once ca cells are irradiated they die
A

APOPTOSIS

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22
Q

absorbed dose/ rad

A

GRAY (Gy)

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23
Q

series of small doses delivered in radt rather than in single dose

A

FRACTIONS

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24
Q

reqs LARGE DOSE of radt divided into multiple small fractions

A

RADICAL

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25
Q

deliver in SMALLER no of fractions and Lower total dose

A

PALLIATIVE

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26
Q

____ is dep on which part of the body is receiving tx
caused by: transient damage to normal cells
that given time will repair and result to _____

A

TOXICITY/SIDE EFFECTS

ACUTE TOXICITY

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27
Q

Common toxicities assoc w. most radthera txs

A

FATIGUE. SKIN REACTION

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28
Q

-skin rxn (rad dermatitis)
- muscositis- pain
thick oral secretions
loss of taste
fatgue
dry mouth
MANAGEMENT: oral care

A

HEAD NECK CA

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29
Q

management: analgesic

need to exclude to cure uti first before radt

A

PROSTATE CA

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30
Q

odynophagia (painful swallowing) / oesophagitis
due to: mucositis in oesophagus
- cough / SOB / chest pain / rarely nausea

A

LUNG CA

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31
Q

occurs 6-8 wks after rad
progressive SOB & cough
tx: high dose of steroids & oxygen generator

A

pneumonitis

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32
Q

for hgiher effectivity of radt
often used in curative / neoadjuvant setting
but w/ increased toxicity (CHEMOTHERAPY TOXICITY)
added in esp INCREASED RISK OF NEUTROPENIA (low type of wbc)

A

CHEMORADIOTHERAPY

33
Q

total duration of tx

no of days b/n 1st and last session

A

PROTRACTION

34
Q

in 4 intents, is it ok for radt-surgery-radt

A

radthera-adjuvant-neoadjuvant

radt cant be 2x a day

35
Q

if ever secondary ca caused by radt can radt heal it

What is its TREATMENT PLAN

A

true

  • HORMONAL THERAPY
  • TARGETED THERAPY
  • MOLECULAR THERAPY
36
Q

radt as emergency tx

A

T - PALLIATIVE

37
Q

radt not avail in most hospitals

A

T

38
Q

delivered accurately in 2mm

A

T

39
Q

not visible

causes burns

A

T

40
Q

radt and chemo given at the same time

A

T

41
Q

in 4 intents, what is commonly applied in all stages of ca

A

radical / neoadjuvant / adjuvant

42
Q

important components of radiotherapy

A 
CONSENT
IMMOBILIZATION
CT SIMULATOR
VOLUME DEFINITION
RADIOTHERAPY TREATMENT
43
Q

discuss w the pt what youre going to do, why. possible side fx, altnv options

A

CONSENT

44
Q
  1. head neck immobilization
  2. whole body “”
  3. v rigid / hot water flexible / animated
A

perplex mask
vacuum bag
thermoplastic shell

45
Q

reason for immobilization

A
  • target right spot

- keep positioning

46
Q

to locate tumor accurately

A

CT simulation

47
Q

reference point for laser

to refrain irradiation to other body areas

A

TATTOO

48
Q

volume definitions

A

GTV (gross tumor volume)
CTV (clinical target volume)
PTV (planning target volume)

49
Q

margin of tumor that we can see

A

GTV

50
Q

not visible possiblt cancerous

margin of microscopic spread

A

CTV

51
Q

margin to take account of day to day variability and potential tumor motion

A

PTV

52
Q

close clinical follow up during radt

A

radiotherapy treatment

53
Q

began w superficial and orthovoltage therapy w xray tubes and teletherapy w sealed radioactive sources

A

external beam radiotherapy

54
Q

sealed sources used by brachytherapy

A 
Radium-226 (1901),
Radon-222 seeds
Caesium-137
Iridium-192 
Cobalt-60 
Iodine-125 
Gold-198
55
Q

Brachytherapy with beta sources

A

Strontium-90 and Ruthenium-106

56
Q

Various manual loading systems have been superseded by modern high-dose-rate

A

Iridium 192 and Cobalt-60

57
Q

automated systems for delivery of ___ to the prostate.

A

Iodine-125

58
Q

three commonly used radiotherapy technologies

A
  1. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT or XRT or teletherapy)
  2. Brachytherapy or sealed source radiation therapy
  3. Systemic radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy
59
Q

Other highly specialized radiotherapy technologies also include:

A
  1. Particle therapy
  2. Intraoperative radiation therapy
  3. Stereotactic radiation therapy
60
Q

using protons or heavy particles

A

Particle therapy

61
Q

delivering radiotherapy during the peri-operative

period at time of the surgical removal of the tumour

A

Intraoperative radiation therapy

62
Q

delivering very high radiation dose called ablative

dose to a well-defined small tumour

A

Stereotactic radiation therapy

63
Q

ultimate foal of all the changes and developmetns and improvemens

A
  • effective destruction of ca tissue while delivering mnimal dose of radiaiton to adjacent healthy tossues
  • make tx easier and shorter for pt to sustain and physicians and other healthcare professionals to perform
64
Q
  • act of emitting radiation spontaneously
  • giving off rays of energy or particles by breaking apart atoms of certain elements
  • done by atomic nucleus when unstable
A

Radioactivity

65
Q

pierre curie suggested to Dr Henri Danlos

if radioactive source could be near or close proximity / inserted into a tumor (interstitial brachytherapy)

A

foundation of brachytherapy

66
Q

types of radiotherapy treatments

A

teletherapy

brachytherapy

67
Q

delivers radiaiton externallly
aplication of co 60
external beam radiotherapy

A

teletherapy

68
Q

places radiaiton internally
gk word close
internal beam radiotherapy

A

brachytherapy

69
Q

uses high energy radiation from xrays to kill or shrink ca cells

A

roentgen therapy

70
Q

close proximity
earliest form of brachytherapy
using radioactive drugs that gives of energy to kill thru vein the ca cells

A

Radium therapy

71
Q

different radiotherapy techniques

A

3DCRT (3D conformal radiotherapy)
IMRT (Intensiy modulated therapy)
IGRT (image guided radiation therapy)

72
Q

started in 1990 wherefields used are designed that the radiaiton is mostly towards the tumor (tumoricidal dose) and the surronding tissues have little to no dose
- has 3d info about patients body supplied by CT simultaneous process

A

3DCRT

73
Q

advance form of 3DCRT that manipulates photons to be directed to tumor and also shape the beam
uses sophisticated software and hardware
it varies the shape and intensity of radiaiton DELIVERED TO THE DIFF PARTS OF THE TX AREA

A

IMRT

74
Q

most expensive includes imaging while having tx

growing popularity primarily due to widespread adoption of new linac

A

IGRT

75
Q

fundamental principle of matter

building blocks

A

atom

76
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

77
Q

3 parts of an atom

A

proton neutron electron

78
Q

positive charged particles found inside nucleus

A

proton

RAD THERA (3 decks)

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