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Pathology and Immunity > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunology

A

the study of the immune system

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2
Q

what is pathology

A

the study of the causes and effects of disease

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3
Q

why is immunology and pathology important

A

to make the correct diagnosis
to give correct treatment
to understand systemic diseases
to make appropriate referrals
advise and educate patients

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4
Q

what is aetiology

A

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

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5
Q

what is morphology

A

the phenotypic changes associated with a disease

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6
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

progressive changes as diseases develop

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7
Q

what is sequalae

A

what happens next, intervention, looking at how this individual could be susceptible to developing other conditions as a result.
what makes it worse or prevents it from returning

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8
Q

what is macroscopic

A

visible to the naked eye

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9
Q

what is the aetiology of oral cancer

A

excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption leading to increased susceptibility

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10
Q

what is the morphology of oral cancer

A

carcinoma formation, which is usually macroscopic as people can see to their naked eye the formation of a cancerous lesion

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11
Q

what is the pathogenesis of oral cancer

A

processes of hyperplasia, dysplasia and neoplasia

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12
Q

what is the sequalae of oral cancer

A

radiotherapy, surgery and patient advice - intervene to prevent the disease from getting worse by telling the patient to reduce alcohol and tobacco consumption

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13
Q

what is the aetiology of periodontitis

A

bacterial origin from plaque - microorganisms found deep within the plaque

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14
Q

what does pathogenesis look at

A

what occurs in the immune system

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15
Q

what is the morphology of periodontitis

A

gingival tissue inflammation and tooth loss

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16
Q

what is the pathogenesis of periodontitis

A

bacterial protease activity, elevated pro inflammatory response in gingivae

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17
Q

what is the sequalae of periodontitis

A

physical depridement of plaque, removal of the infected tissue and patient advice

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18
Q

what is the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis

A

environmental, genetic and other diseases can all lead to this disease

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19
Q

is periodontal disease and arthritis closely linked together

A

yes

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20
Q

what is the morphology of rheumatoid arthritis

A

joint inflammation

21
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

A

elevated pro inflammatory response and osteoclast activity, circulating antibodies

22
Q

what is the sequalae of rheumatoid arthritis

A

NSAIDS, steroids, treatment of other diseases

23
Q

which systematic diseases are periodontitis linked with

A

diabetes
rheuamtoid arthritis
stroke
alzheimers disease

24
Q

what is a surgical seive

A

differential diagnosis in which the clinician must distinguish symptoms of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features

25
Q

what connects the four main organs of the immune system

A

the lymphatic system

26
Q

what are the four main organs of the lymphatic system

A

thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen

27
Q

what is the origin of all immune cells in the body

A

the bone marrow

28
Q

what is the thymus

A

small organ located behind the breast bone where the T cells mature

29
Q

what is the bone marrow

A

the yellow tissue in the centre of the bones that is responsible for making white blood cells that are destined to become lymphocytes

30
Q

what are the lymph nodes

A

small, bean shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease
when you have an infection your lymph nodes can get larger and feel sore

31
Q

what is the spleen

A

the largest lymphatic organ in the body
contains white blood cells that fight infection or disease and helps control the amount of blood in your body

32
Q

what are the key functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • link the key lymphatic organs
  • transport clean fluids back to the blood
  • drain excess fluid from tissues
  • remove debris from cells of the body
  • transport fats from the digestive system
33
Q

what can the lymphatic system be described as

A

the motorway for immune cells to circulate

34
Q

name all regions in the body involved in the immune system

A
  • adenoid
  • tonsils
  • lymphnode
  • thymus
  • lymph vessel
  • thoracic duct
  • spleen
  • peyers patches in the small intestine
  • appendix
  • bone marrow
35
Q

what are the two main branches of the immune system

A

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

36
Q

what is innate immunity

A

the first line of non specific defence

37
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

specific and acquired. second line of defence.

38
Q

what is meant by humoral

A

liquid or fluid - proteins and other things are produced by the cellular components

39
Q

give a summary of innate immunity

A

first line of defence, non specific but effective, occurs within 1-4 days
there is regular contact with pathogens with are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease

40
Q

give a summary of adaptive immunity

A

second line of defence, specific and long lived.
occurs within 4-10 days
repeat infections met immediately with strong/specific response

41
Q

what is inflammation

A

red, swollen, hot and sore.
caused by invading microorganisms
particulate materials like dust and prostheses can lead to altered self cells and transformed malignant cells

42
Q

what happens if there is a repeat infection

A

the adaptive immune syste will meet the second infection with a more efficient response

43
Q

why is it rare that the pathogen can lead to disease

A

the innate immune system can solve quickly

44
Q

what are the stages of inflammation

A

initiation
progression
amplification
resolution

45
Q

what is the initiation of inflammation

A

response to harmful agents

46
Q

what is progression of inflammation

A

the containment of the harmful agents

47
Q

what is the amplification of inflammation

A

modulation of the immune response

48
Q

what is the resolution of the inflammation

A

healing (acute inflammation) and failure to resolve, which is chronic inflammation

49
Q

what can acute inflammation lead to if there is a failure of the body to resolve it

A

chronic inflammation

Pathology and Immunity (16 decks)

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