OVERVIEW

Question 1

What is cancer

Answer 1

Group of diseases characterized by abnormal growth and division of cells with the ability to invade surrounding tissues

Question 2

Neoplasm or Tumor

Answer 2

Abnormal mass of tissue that results from uncontrolled cell growth

Question 3

Benign neoplasm

Answer 3

A growth that remains confined to its original location, usually enclosed in a fibrous capsule and neither invades surrounding normal tissues nor spreads to other body sites

Question 4

Malignant or cancerous neoplasms or tumors

Answer 4

Neoplasms which have the ability to invade and destroy normal surrounding tissues and to spread to distant body sites

Question 5

Types of malignant tumors

Answer 5

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukaemias
Lymphomas

Question 6

Carcinoma

Answer 6

Malignancies of surface epithelial cells

Question 7

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 7

Malignancies of glandular epithelia tissue

Question 8

Papilloma

Answer 8

Benign tumor of surface epithelial tissue

Question 9

Adenoma

Answer 9

Benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

Question 10

Sarcoma

Answer 10

Malignancy of connective tissue

Question 11

Tumors of fibrous tissue

Answer 11

Fibroma- benign
Fibrosarcoma- Malignant

Question 12

Tumors of the bone

Answer 12

Osteoma- benign bone tumor
Osteosarcoma- malignant bone tumor

Question 13

Leiomyoma

Answer 13

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

Question 14

Leiomyosarcoma

Answer 14

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

Question 15

Leiomyosarcoma

Answer 15

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

Question 16

Rhabdomyoma

Answer 16

Benign tumor of striated muscle

Question 17

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 17

Malignant tumor of striated muscle

Question 18

Multiple myeloma

Answer 18

Cancer of plasma cells

Question 19

Hodgkin vs Non- hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 19

Hodgkin lymphoma - Reed-Sternberg lymphocytes
Non Hidgkin lymphoma- no reed-sternberg lymphocytes

Non-HL- Non-contiguous spread
HL- contiguous spread

Non-HL: Median age of 39
HL: median age of 59

Question 20

Chondroma

Answer 20

Benign tumor of cartilage

Question 21

Chondrosarcoma

Answer 21

Malignant tumor of cartilage

Question 22

Glioma

Answer 22

Benign tumor of brain glial tissue

Question 23

Glioblastoma

Answer 23

Malignant tumors of brain glial tissue

Question 24

Meningioma vs meningial sarcoma

Answer 24

Meningioma- benign tumor of brain meninges
Meningial sarcoma- malignant tumor of brain meninges

Question 25

Lipoma

Answer 25

Benign tumor of fat tissue

Question 26

Liposarcoma

Answer 26

Malignant tumor of fat tissue

Question 27

Leukaemia

Answer 27

Cancer of the bone marrow

Question 28

Mixed cancer of gonads

Answer 28

Teratoma: benign Teratocarcinoma: cancerous

Question 29

Cancer of the nerve sheath

Answer 29

Neurofibroma- benign Neurofibrosarcoma- malignant

Question 30

Invasiveness vs Metastasis

Answer 30

Invasiveness is when a tumor gets so large that it infiltrates adjacent organs Metastasis refers to the process of tumor cells breaking away from the primary tumor, migrating to a new location and establishing a new, or secondary tumor, in the new environment.

Question 31

Phases of the cell cycle

Answer 31

Interphae M-phase Cytokinesis

Question 32

Divisions of interphase

Answer 32

G1- First gap phase S G2 - Second gap phase

Question 33

What occurs in G1

Answer 33

cell grows physically larger copies organelles makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.

Question 34

What occurs in the S phase

Answer 34

Synthesized DNA copy Centrioles divide into two

Question 35

What occurs during G2

Answer 35

RNA, proteins, other macromolecules required for multiplication of cell organelles, spindle formation, and cell growth are produced

Question 36

Divisions of M-phase or mitosis

Answer 36

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 37

At what size is a cancer lesion clinically detectable

Answer 37

1g or a billion cells (10 power 9) cells

Question 38

Four main differences between normal and cancer cells

Answer 38

Dedifferentiation and loss of function Uncontrolled proliferation Invasiveness Metastasis

Question 39

Four main differences between normal and cancer cells

Answer 39

Dedifferentiation and loss of function Uncontrolled proliferation Invasiveness Metastasis

Question 40

Two main genetic changes that cause cancer

Answer 40

1. Activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes 2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)

Question 41

Compartments of a solid tumor

Answer 41

Compartment A- dividing cells Compartment B- resting cells, capable of dividing Compartment C- cells no longer able to divide

Question 42

General toxicities of anticancer drugs

Answer 42

Bone marrow toxicity Impaired wound healing Loss of hair GIT toxicity Depression of growth in children Sterility Teratogenecity Carcinogenecity

Question 43

Cancer treatment approaches

Answer 43

Cytotoxic drugs Radiotherapy Surgery

Question 44

Neoadjuvant therapy

Answer 44

Chemotherapy given before surgery or radiotherapy in order to diminish the volume of large primary neoplasm

Question 45

Adjuvant chemotherapy

Answer 45

Chemotherapy given after surgery or irradiation to destroy micrometastasis & prevent development of secondary neoplasm

Question 46

Concurrent chemotherapy

Answer 46

When chemotherapy is be given together with radiation to enhance the effectiveness of radiation treatment

Question 47

Primary chemotherapy

Answer 47

Chemotherapy administered as primary treatment