Overview Flashcards
(531 cards)
1
Q
What is C++?
A
A statically typed, compiled, general-purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming.
2
Q
Who developed C++ and when?
A
Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ starting in 1979 at Bell Labs.
3
Q
What was the original name of C++?
A
C with Classes.
4
Q
What are the four pillars of object-oriented programming supported by C++?
A
Encapsulation, Data hiding, Inheritance, Polymorphism.
5
Q
What are the three important parts of Standard C++?
A
The core language, the C++ Standard Library, and the Standard Template Library (STL).
6
Q
What is the purpose of the ANSI standard for C++?
A
To ensure that C++ is portable across different compilers and platforms.
7
Q
Why is learning C++ important for programmers?
A
To become more effective at designing and implementing new systems and maintaining old ones.
8
Q
In what application domains is C++ commonly used?
A
Device drivers, software with direct hardware manipulation, teaching, and research.
9
Q
How can you start learning C++ without setting up a local environment?
A
By using online compilers that allow you to compile and execute code examples.
10
Q
What is a typical file extension for C++ source files?
A
.cpp, .cp, or .c.
11
Q
What is the significance of C++ being a superset of C?
A
Virtually any legal C program is also a legal C++ program.
12
Q
What does static typing mean in the context of C++?
A
Type checking is performed during compile-time rather than run-time.
13
Q
What is the role of the C++ Standard Library?
A
It provides a rich set of functions for manipulating files, strings, and more.
14
Q
What does the Standard Template Library (STL) offer?
A
A rich set of methods for manipulating data structures.
15
Q
What is the main advantage of using C++ for teaching programming concepts?
A
It is clean enough to effectively teach basic programming concepts.
16
Q
What is the purpose of the ‘Try it’ option mentioned in the C++ guide?
A
To allow users to compile and execute examples online while learning.
17
Q
What are some examples of text editors that can be used for C++ programming?
A
Windows Notepad, EMACS, vim, vi, and others.
18
Q
What is the significance of C++ being a middle-level language?
A
It combines features of both high-level and low-level programming languages.
19
Q
What is the importance of focusing on concepts while learning C++?
A
To become a better programmer and improve system design and implementation skills.
20
Q
How does C++ support different programming styles?
A
You can write in styles such as Fortran, C, Smalltalk, etc., while maintaining efficiency.
21
Q
What is the relationship between C++ and user interfaces in operating systems?
A
The primary user interfaces of systems like Macintosh and Windows are written in C++.
22
Q
What are source files in C++ typically named with?
A
.cpp, .cp, or .c extensions.
23
Q
What is the role of a C++ compiler?
A
To compile source code into a final executable program.
24
Q
Which is the most frequently used free C++ compiler?
A
GNU C/C++ compiler.
25
How can you check if GCC is installed on a UNIX/Linux system?
By entering the command '$ g++ -v' in the command line.
26
What should you do if GCC is not installed on your UNIX/Linux system?
Follow the detailed installation instructions to install it yourself.
27
How can you obtain GCC on Mac OS X?
By downloading the Xcode development environment from Apple's website.
28
What is the first step to install GCC on Windows?
Install MinGW from the MinGW homepage.
29
What must you install at a minimum when setting up MinGW?
gcc-core, gcc-g++, binutils, and the MinGW runtime.
30
What is the purpose of adding the bin subdirectory of MinGW to your PATH environment variable?
To run GNU tools from the Windows command line using simple names.
31
How can a C++ program be defined?
As a collection of objects that communicate via invoking each other's methods.
32
What is an object in C++?
An instance of a class that has states and behaviors.
33
How is a class defined in C++?
As a template/blueprint that describes the behaviors/states of its objects.
34
What are methods in a C++ class?
Behaviors that contain logic, manipulate data, and execute actions.
35
What are instance variables in C++?
Unique variables for each object that define its state.
36
What is the purpose of the #include <iostream> directive?
To include necessary information for input/output operations.
37
What does the line 'using namespace std;' do?
It tells the compiler to use the std namespace.
38
What is the significance of the main() function in a C++ program?
It is where program execution begins.
39
What does the line 'cout << "Hello World";" do in a C++ program?
It prints 'Hello World' to the screen.
40
What does 'return 0;' signify in the main() function?
41
What is a single-line comment in C++?
A comment that begins with // and stops at the end of the line.
42
What is an example of an object's state in C++?
Color, name, and breed of a dog.
43
What is an example of an object's behavior in C++?
Wagging, barking, and eating.
44
What does the term 'namespace' refer to in C++?
A feature that allows organizing code into logical groups to avoid name conflicts.
45
What is the first step to compile a C++ program?
Open a text editor and save the code as a .cpp file, for example, hello.cpp.
46
How do you compile a C++ program using g++?
Type 'g++ hello.cpp' in the command prompt.
47
What command is used to run a compiled C++ program?
Type './a.out' in the command prompt.
48
What does the semicolon represent in C++?
It is a statement terminator, indicating the end of a logical statement.
49
What is a block in C++?
A block is a set of logically connected statements surrounded by opening and closing braces.
50
How does C++ treat line endings in terms of statement termination?
C++ does not recognize the end of the line as a terminator; statements can be on the same line or different lines.
51
What is a C++ identifier?
A name used to identify a variable, function, class, or any user-defined item, starting with a letter or underscore.
52
What characters are not allowed in C++ identifiers?
Punctuation characters such as @, $, and %.
53
Why is C++ considered a case-sensitive language?
Because identifiers like 'Manpower' and 'manpower' are treated as different.
54
List three examples of acceptable C++ identifiers.
mohd, move_name, a_123.
55
What are C++ keywords?
Reserved words that cannot be used as identifiers, such as 'int', 'class', and 'return'.
56
What is a trigraph in C++?
A three-character sequence that represents a single character, starting with two question marks.
57
Give an example of a trigraph and its replacement.
??= is replaced by #.
58
What is whitespace in C++?
Whitespace includes blanks, tabs, newline characters, and comments, which separate elements in statements.
59
What happens to blank lines in C++?
The C++ compiler ignores blank lines.
60
What is the significance of whitespace in a statement?
It allows the compiler to distinguish between different elements in a statement.
61
What must be present between 'int' and 'age' in the statement 'int age;'?
At least one whitespace character.
62
What command generates the executable file after compiling a C++ program?
The command 'g++ hello.cpp' generates 'a.out'.
63
What is the output of the program if it runs successfully?
Hello World.
64
What must be ensured before running the g++ command?
Make sure that g++ is in your path and you are in the directory containing the .cpp file.
65
What is the purpose of a makefile in C/C++ programming?
To compile C/C++ programs using predefined rules.
66
What does the return statement do in a C++ function?
It exits the function and optionally returns a value.
67
What is the role of comments in C++?
Comments are ignored by the compiler and are used to provide explanations within the code.
68
How does C++ handle multiple statements on the same line?
C++ allows multiple statements on the same line as long as they are separated by semicolons.
69
What is the purpose of comments in C++?
Comments are explanatory statements included in the code to help anyone reading the source code.
70
What are the two types of comments supported by C++?
Single-line comments (//) and multi-line comments (/*...*/).
71
How does the C++ compiler treat comments?
All characters within comments are ignored by the C++ compiler.
72
What is the syntax for a multi-line comment in C++?
Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */.
73
Provide an example of a single-line comment in C++.
// prints Hello World.
74
Can comments be nested in C++?
Yes, you can nest one kind of comment within another; for example, a // comment inside a /* comment */.
75
What are variables in programming?
Variables are reserved memory locations used to store values.
76
What determines the memory allocation for a variable in C++?
The data type of the variable determines how much memory is allocated and what can be stored.
77
List the seven basic built-in data types in C++.
bool, char, int, float, double, void, wchar_t.
78
What is the typical bit width and range for a char in C++?
1 byte; -127 to 127 or 0 to 255.
79
What is the typical size and range for an int in C++?
Typically 4 bytes; range varies based on whether it is signed or unsigned.
80
What is the size of a float in C++?
4 bytes.
81
What is the typical size of a double in C++?
8 bytes.
82
How can you determine the size of various data types in C++?
By using the sizeof() operator.
83
What does the endl manipulator do in C++?
It inserts a new-line character after each line of output.
84
What is the purpose of the sizeof() operator in C++?
It returns the size of a data type or variable in bytes.
85
What is the range of an unsigned char in C++?
0 to 255.
86
What is the typical range for a signed long int in C++?
-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
87
What is the range of a signed short int in C++?
-32768 to 32767.
88
What is the maximum value for an unsigned long int in C++?
4294967295
89
What is the typical range for a double in C++?
+/- 1.7e +/- 308 (approximately 15 digits).
90
What is the size of wchar_t in C++?
Typically 2 or 4 bytes.
91
What does the statement 'fruit = apples + oranges;' demonstrate?
It shows how to assign the sum of two variables to another variable in C++.
92
What is the significance of whitespace in C++ statements?
Whitespace is not necessary between certain elements but can be used for readability.
93
What is the size of a char in C++?
1 byte.
94
What is the size of an int in C++?
4 bytes.
95
What is the size of a short int in C++?
2 bytes.
96
What is the size of a long int in C++?
4 bytes.
97
What is the size of a double in C++?
8 bytes.
98
What is the size of a wchar_t in C++?
4 bytes.
99
What is the syntax to create a new name for an existing type using typedef?
typedef type newname;
100
Provide an example of using typedef in C++.
typedef int feet; creates a new type 'feet' that is an alias for 'int'.
101
What is an enumerated type in C++?
An enumerated type declares a type name and a set of identifiers that can be used as values of that type.
102
What keyword is used to create an enumeration in C++?
enum.
103
What is the default value of the first enumerator in an enumeration?
104
How can you assign a specific value to an enumerator in C++?
By adding an initializer, e.g., enum color { red, green = 5, blue );.
105
What does the variable type 'bool' represent in C++?
It stores either the value true or false.
106
What does the variable type 'void' represent in C++?
It represents the absence of type.
107
What is the purpose of a variable definition in C++?
It tells the compiler where and how much storage to create for the variable.
108
What is the syntax for defining a variable in C++?
type variable_list;.
109
What is the significance of case-sensitivity in C++ variable names?
Upper and lowercase letters are distinct.
110
What is the syntax for initializing a variable in C++?
type variable_name = value;.
111
Give an example of a valid variable declaration in C++.
int i, j, k;.
112
What is the difference between declaration and definition of a variable in C++?
Declaration introduces the variable, while definition allocates storage for it.
113
What types of variables does C++ allow beyond the basic types?
Enumeration, Pointer, Array, Reference, Data structures, and Classes.
114
What happens to variables with static storage duration when defined without an initializer?
They are implicitly initialized with NULL (all bytes have the value 0); all other variables have an undefined initial value.
115
What is the purpose of a variable declaration in C++?
It assures the compiler that a variable with a given type and name exists, allowing compilation to proceed without complete details about the variable.
116
When does a variable declaration have meaning in C++?
At the time of compilation; the actual variable definition is needed at the time of linking.
117
How can you declare a variable that is defined in another file in C++?
By using the extern keyword.
118
Can a variable be declared multiple times in C++?
Yes, but it can only be defined once in a file, function, or block of code.
119
What is the output of the following C++ code: 'int a, b; int c; float f; a=10; b=20; c=a+b; cout << c; f =70.0/3.0; cout <<f;'?
The output will be: 30 and 23.3333.
120
What is the difference between lvalues and rvalues in C++?
Lvalues refer to memory locations and can appear on both sides of an assignment; rvalues refer to data values stored at addresses and can only appear on the right-hand side.
121
What is a local variable in C++?
A variable declared inside a function or block, which can only be used within that function or block.
122
What is a global variable in C++?
A variable defined outside of all functions, accessible throughout the entire program after its declaration.
123
What is the scope of a variable in C++?
The region of the program where a variable can be declared and accessed.
124
What are formal parameters in C++?
Variables defined in the function definition that are used to pass values to the function.
125
What is the significance of the extern keyword in variable declarations?
It allows a variable to be declared in one file and defined in another, facilitating the use of global variables.
126
What is an example of a valid assignment statement in C++?
int g=20; (where g is an lvalue)
127
What is an example of an invalid assignment statement in C++?
10=20; (10 is an rvalue and cannot be assigned a value)
128
How long do global variables retain their values in a C++ program?
Throughout the lifetime of the program.
129
What is the purpose of variable initialization in C++?
To assign an initial value to a variable before it is used.
130
Can local variables be accessed outside their own function in C++?
No, local variables are not known to functions outside their own.
131
What is the output of the following code snippet: 'int main() { int a=10; cout << a; return 0; }'?
The output will be: 10.
132
What is the role of the main function in a C++ program?
It serves as the entry point for program execution.
133
What is a function declaration in C++?
A statement that specifies the function's name and return type without providing the function's body.
134
What is the relationship between variable declaration and definition in C++?
Declaration informs the compiler of the variable's existence, while definition allocates storage and may include initialization.
135
How do you declare a function in C++?
By specifying the return type, function name, and parameters, e.g., 'int func();'.
136
What is the significance of the return statement in a function?
It specifies the value that is returned to the caller of the function.
137
What is the expected output of the function call 'int i=func();' if 'int func() { return 0; }' is defined?
The output will be: 0.
138
What is the difference between global and local variables in C++?
Global variables are accessible throughout the program, while local variables are only accessible within the function they are declared in. Local variables take precedence over global variables if they share the same name.
139
How are local variables initialized in C++?
Local variables are not initialized automatically by the system; they must be initialized manually by the programmer.
140
How are global variables initialized in C++?
Global variables are automatically initialized by the system to default values: int to 0, char to "\0', float to 0, double to 0, and pointers to NULL.
141
What are C++ constants or literals?
Constants are fixed values that cannot be altered during program execution and can be of any basic data type.
142
What are the types of integer literals in C++?
Integer literals can be decimal, octal (prefix 0), or hexadecimal (prefix Ox or OX) and can have suffixes for unsigned (U) and long (L) types.
143
Give an example of a legal integer literal in C++.
Examples include 212 (decimal), 0213 (octal), and 0x4b (hexadecimal).
144
What is a floating-point literal in C++?
A floating-point literal consists of an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and may include an exponent part.
145
What are the requirements for a legal floating-point literal in C++?
It must include a decimal point, an exponent, or both; or in exponential form, it must include the integer part, fractional part, or both.
146
What are the two Boolean literals in C++?
The two Boolean literals are 'true' and 'false', which represent truth values.
147
How are character literals represented in C++?
Character literals are enclosed in single quotes; wide character literals begin with 'L' and are stored in wchar_t type.
148
What is an escape sequence in C++?
An escape sequence is a combination of characters that represents a special character, such as '\n' for newline or '\t' for tab.
149
What does the escape sequence ' represent in C++?
It represents the character itself.
150
What does the escape sequence '"' represent in C++?
It represents the single quote character.
151
What does the escape sequence '"' represent in C++?
It represents the double quote character.
152
What does the escape sequence '?' represent in C++?
It represents the question mark character.
153
What happens if you do not initialize a local variable in C++?
If a local variable is not initialized, it may contain a garbage value, leading to unpredictable behavior.
154
What is the significance of initializing variables properly in C++?
Proper initialization prevents unexpected results and ensures that variables have defined values before use.
155
What is the legal representation of an unsigned long integer literal in C++?
An example is 30ul.
156
What is an illegal integer literal in C++?
Examples include 078 (octal with invalid digit) and 032UU (repeating suffix).
157
What is a legal floating-point literal using exponential form?
An example is 314159E-5L.
158
What is an illegal floating-point literal in C++?
Examples include 510E (incomplete exponent) and 210f (no decimal or exponent).
159
What is the default value of an uninitialized global integer variable in C++?
The default value is 0.
160
What is the purpose of using constants in C++?
Constants are used to define fixed values that should not change throughout the program, improving code readability and maintainability.
161
What is the escape sequence for a newline in C++?
\n.
162
What escape sequence represents a horizontal tab in C++?
\t.
163
How can you define a constant using the #define preprocessor in C++?
#define identifier value.
164
What is the syntax for defining a constant using the const keyword in C++?
const type variable = value;.
165
What are the two ways to define constants in C++?
Using #define preprocessor and using const keyword.
166
What is the output of the following code: #define LENGTH 10, #define WIDTH 5, area = LENGTH * WIDTH?
50
167
What is the good programming practice for naming constants in C++?
Define constants in CAPITALS.
168
What modifiers can be applied to integer base types in C++?
signed, unsigned, long, short.
169
What is the difference between signed and unsigned integers in C++?
Signed integers can represent both positive and negative values, while unsigned integers can only represent non-negative values.
170
What does the const qualifier indicate about a variable in C++?
Objects of type const cannot be changed by your program during execution.
171
What does the volatile qualifier indicate about a variable in C++?
The variable's value may be changed in ways not explicitly specified by the program.
172
What does the restrict qualifier indicate about a pointer in C++?
A pointer qualified by restrict is initially the only means by which the object it points to can be accessed.
173
What is the output of the program that assigns 50000 to a signed short integer?
-15536 50000.
174
How can you break a long string literal into multiple lines in C++?
By using whitespaces and separating them with double quotes.
175
What is the output of the following code: cout << "Hello\tWorld\n\n"?
Hello World (with a newline after).
176
What is the purpose of the #include <iostream> directive in C++?
It includes the standard input-output stream library.
177
What is the result of the expression area = LENGTH WIDTH if LENGTH is defined as 10 and WIDTH as 5?
The result is 50.
178
What does the term 'string literals' refer to in C++?
Strings enclosed in double quotes that can contain characters, escape sequences, and universal characters.
179
What does the example "hello, \ dear" demonstrate?
It shows how to break a long string literal into multiple lines.
180
What are the implications of using unsigned long int in C++?
It declares an unsigned long integer variable.
181
What is the output of the program that shows the difference between signed and unsigned integers?
-15536 50000.
182
What does the example with #define NEWLINE '\n' demonstrate?
It shows how to define a newline character constant using the #define preprocessor.
183
What is a storage class in C++?
A storage class defines the scope (visibility) and life-time of variables and/or functions within a C++ program.
184
What are the main storage classes in C++?
The main storage classes in C++ are auto, register, static, extern, and mutable.
185
What is the default storage class for local variables in C++?
The default storage class for local variables is auto.
186
Where can the auto storage class be used?
The auto storage class can only be used within functions, i.e., for local variables.
187
What does the register storage class do?
The register storage class defines local variables that should be stored in a register instead of RAM, allowing for quicker access.
188
What is a limitation of the register storage class?
Variables defined with the register storage class cannot have the unary '&' operator applied to them, as they do not have a memory location.
189
When should the register storage class be used?
It should be used for variables that require quick access, such as counters.
190
What does the static storage class do in C++?
The static storage class keeps a local variable in existence for the lifetime of the program, allowing it to maintain its value between function calls.
191
How does static affect global variables?
When applied to global variables, static restricts their scope to the file in which they are declared.
192
What happens when static is used on a class data member?
It causes only one copy of that member to be shared by all objects of its class.
193
What is the purpose of the extern storage class?
The extern storage class provides a reference to a global variable that is visible to all program files.
194
Can an extern variable be initialized?
No, an extern variable cannot be initialized; it only points to a storage location that has been previously defined.
195
How is the extern storage class used across multiple files?
It is used to declare a global variable or function in another file, allowing them to share the same variable or function.
196
What is the function of the mutable storage class?
The mutable specifier allows a member of a class object to be modified by a const member function.
197
What is the output of the provided static variable example in C++?
The output shows the incrementing value of 'i' and the decrementing value of 'count' with each function call.
198
What is the significance of the 'register' keyword in C++?
It suggests that a variable should be stored in a CPU register for faster access, but it is not guaranteed.
199
In the extern example, what is the purpose of the 'extern void write_extern();' declaration?
It declares the function 'write_extern' which is defined in another file.
200
What is the output of the program when 'write_extern' is called?
The output will display 'Count is 5'.
201
What is the scope of a static variable declared inside a function?
The scope of a static variable declared inside a function is limited to that function, but it retains its value between calls.
202
What is the effect of using static on a class member variable?
It ensures that there is only one instance of that member variable shared across all instances of the class.
203
What is the main use case for mutable members in C++?
Mutable members are used when you want to allow modification of a member variable even in a const member function.
204
What is the typical size limitation for variables declared with the register storage class?
The maximum size is usually equal to the size of the register, often one word.
205
What happens if a variable declared with 'register' cannot be stored in a register?
If it cannot be stored in a register, it will be stored in memory instead, but the 'register' keyword is merely a suggestion.
206
What is the purpose of overloading the class member access operator (->) in C++?
To give a class type a 'pointer-like' behavior.
207
What must the return type be when overloading the -> operator?
It must be a pointer or an object of a class to which you can apply.
208
How is the -> operator commonly used in C++?
It is often used in conjunction with the pointer-dereference operator (*) to implement smart pointers.
209
What are smart pointers in C++?
Objects that behave like normal pointers but perform additional tasks, such as automatic object deletion.
210
How is the -> operator defined in a class for overloading?
It is defined as a unary postfix operator, for example: 'X * operator->();'.
211
What does the statement 'p->m=10;' represent when using an overloaded -> operator?
It is interpreted as '(p.operator->())->m=10;'.
212
What is the role of the Obj class in the provided example?
It contains static members and member functions that can be accessed through smart pointers.
213
What does the ObjContainer class do?
It acts as a container for Obj objects, allowing them to be added to a vector.
214
What is the purpose of the SmartPointer class?
To provide a smart pointer that can access members of the Obj class.
215
How does the SmartPointer class implement the prefix increment operator?
It checks if the index is within bounds and increments it if valid.
216
What does the overloaded -> operator in the SmartPointer class return if the object at the current index is null?
It outputs 'Zero value' and returns a null pointer.
217
What is the output of the provided main function when executed?
It prints a sequence of numbers generated by the Obj class's member functions.
218
What types of operators does C++ provide?
Arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, and miscellaneous operators.
219
What is the significance of the friend class declaration in ObjContainer?
It allows the SmartPointer class to access private members of ObjContainer.
220
How do you add an Obj object to the ObjContainer?
By calling the add method with a pointer to the Obj object.
221
What does the statement 'sp->f();' do in the context of the SmartPointer?
It calls the member function f() of the Obj object pointed to by the SmartPointer.
222
What is the purpose of the 'operator++(int)' in the SmartPointer class?
It defines the postfix increment operator, which calls the prefix version.
223
What happens when the SmartPointer reaches the end of the ObjContainer?
The operator++ method returns false, indicating no more objects to access.
224
What is the initial value of the static members i and j in the Obj class?
i is initialized to 10 and j is initialized to 12.
225
What does the vector in ObjContainer store?
Pointers to Obj objects.
226
What is the output of the SmartPointer's member functions in the loop?
It prints the values of i and j as they are incremented.
227
What is the significance of the 'using namespace std;' statement?
It allows the use of standard library features without prefixing them with 'std::'.
228
What does the + operator do in C++?
Adds two operands (e.g., A+B will give 30).
229
What is the function of the - operator in C++?
Subtracts the second operand from the first (e.g., A-B will give -10).
230
How does the * operator work in C++?
Multiplies both operands (e.g., A*B will give 200).
231
What does the / operator do in C++?
Divides the numerator by the denominator (e.g., B/A will give 2).
232
What is the purpose of the % operator in C++?
Calculates the modulus and remainder after an integer division (e.g., B % A will give 0).
233
What does the ++ operator do in C++?
Increases the integer value by one (e.g., A++ will give 11).
234
What is the function of the -- operator in C++?
Decreases the integer value by one (e.g., A-- will give 9).
235
What does the == operator check in C++?
Checks if the values of two operands are equal (e.g., A == B is not true).
236
What does the != operator do in C++?
Checks if the values of two operands are not equal (e.g., A != B is true).
237
What does the > operator evaluate in C++?
Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand (e.g., A > B is not true).
238
What does the < operator check in C++?
Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand (e.g., A < B is true).
239
What does the >= operator determine in C++?
Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand (e.g., A >= B is not true).
240
What does the <= operator evaluate in C++?
Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the right operand (e.g., A <= B is true).
241
What is the function of the && operator in C++?
Logical AND operator; true if both operands are non-zero (e.g., A && B is false).
242
What does the
operator do in C++?
243
What does the ! operator do in C++?
Logical NOT operator; reverses the logical state of its operand (e.g., !(A && B) is true).
244
How does the & operator function in C++?
Binary AND operator; copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands (e.g., A & B will give 12).
245
What does the
operator do in C++?
246
What is the purpose of the ^ operator in C++?
Binary XOR operator; copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both (e.g., A ^ B will give 49).
247
What does the ~ operator do in C++?
Binary Ones Complement operator; flips bits (e.g., ~A will give -61 in 2's complement form).
248
What does the << operator do in C++?
Binary Left Shift operator; moves the left operand's value left by the number of bits specified (e.g., A << 2 will give 240).
249
What does the >> operator do in C++?
Binary Right Shift operator; moves the left operand's value right by the number of bits specified (e.g., A >> 2 will give 15).
250
What is the function of the = operator in C++?
Simple assignment operator; assigns values from right side operands to left side operand (e.g., C = A + B).
251
What does the += operator do in C++?
Add AND assignment operator; adds right operand to left operand and assigns the result to the left operand (e.g., C += A is equivalent to C = C + A).
252
What does the -= operator do in C++?
Subtract AND assignment operator; subtracts right operand from left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
253
What does the operator C -= A do?
It subtracts A from C and assigns the result to C.
254
What is the function of the *= operator in C++?
It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
255
How does the /= operator work in C++?
It divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
256
What does the %= operator do?
It takes the modulus of the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
257
What is the purpose of the <<= operator?
It performs a left shift on the left operand by the number of bits specified by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
258
What does the >>= operator accomplish?
It performs a right shift on the left operand by the number of bits specified by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
259
Explain the &= operator in C++.
It performs a bitwise AND operation on the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
260
What does the ^= operator do?
It performs a bitwise exclusive OR operation on the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
261
What is the function of the
#NAME?
262
What does the sizeof operator return in C++?
It returns the size of a variable in bytes.
263
How does the conditional operator (?:) work?
If the condition is true, it returns the value of X; otherwise, it returns the value of Y.
264
What is the purpose of the comma operator in C++?
It causes a sequence of operations to be performed, returning the value of the last expression.
265
What do the member operators (.) and (->) do?
They are used to reference individual members of classes, structures, and unions.
266
What do casting operators do?
They convert one data type to another.
267
What does the pointer operator & return?
It returns the address of a variable.
268
What does the pointer operator * signify?
It is used to declare a pointer to a variable.
269
What is operator precedence in C++?
It determines the grouping of terms in an expression, affecting how the expression is evaluated.
270
What is the precedence of the multiplication operator compared to the addition operator?
The multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator.
271
What are the types of loops available in C++?
The types include while loop, for loop, do...while loop, and nested loops.
272
How does a while loop function in C++?
It repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is true, testing the condition before executing the loop body.
273
What is the purpose of a for loop?
It executes a sequence of statements multiple times, managing the loop variable in a concise way.
274
How does a do...while loop differ from a while loop?
It tests the condition at the end of the loop body, ensuring the loop body executes at least once.
275
What are nested loops in C++?
They allow one or more loops to be used inside any other loop type, such as while, for, or do...while.
276
What do loop control statements do in C++?
They change execution from its normal sequence.
277
What happens to automatic objects when execution leaves a scope in C++?
They are destroyed.
278
What is the purpose of the break statement in C++?
It terminates the loop or switch statement and transfers execution to the statement immediately following.
279
What does the continue statement do in a loop?
It causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immediately retest its condition.
280
What is the function of the goto statement in C++?
It transfers control to a labeled statement, though its use is not advised.
281
What is an infinite loop in C++?
A loop that never terminates because a condition never becomes false.
282
How can you create an infinite loop using a for loop in C++?
By leaving the conditional expression empty, such as in 'for(;;).'.
283
How can you terminate an infinite loop in C++?
By pressing Ctrl+C keys.
284
What is the general form of a decision-making structure in C++?
It requires conditions to be evaluated and statements to be executed based on the evaluation.
285
What is an if statement in C++?
It consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more statements.
286
What does an if...else statement do?
It executes one block of code if the boolean expression is true and another block if it is false.
287
What is the purpose of a switch statement in C++?
It allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values.
288
What are nested if statements?
Using one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statement.
289
What are nested switch statements?
Using one switch statement inside another switch statement.
290
What is the conditional operator in C++?
It is represented as '?:' and can replace if...else statements.
291
What is the general form of the conditional operator?
Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3; where Exp1 is evaluated first.
292
What is a function in C++?
A group of statements that perform a specific task.
293
What is the main function in a C++ program?
It is the entry point of every C++ program.
294
What does a function declaration provide?
It tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters.
295
What is the difference between a function declaration and a function definition?
A declaration specifies the function's signature, while a definition provides the actual body of the function.
296
What is the general form of a C++ function definition?
return_type function_name(parameter list) { body of the function }.
297
What are some alternative names for a function?
Method, sub-routine, or procedure.
298
What does the C++ standard library provide regarding functions?
It provides numerous built-in functions that can be called in programs.
299
What are the two main components of a C++ function definition?
Function header and function body.
300
What does the return_type in a function definition indicate?
The data type of the value the function returns; if no value is returned, it is 'void'.
301
What constitutes the function signature in C++?
The function name and the parameter list.
302
What is a parameter in the context of a C++ function?
A placeholder for a value passed to the function when it is invoked.
303
What is an actual parameter or argument?
The value passed to a function's parameter when it is called.
304
Can a C++ function have no parameters?
Yes, parameters are optional.
305
What does the function body contain?
A collection of statements that define what the function does.
306
What is the syntax for a function declaration?
return_type function_name(parameter list);
307
What is the purpose of a function declaration when defining functions across multiple files?
It allows a function defined in one source file to be called in another file.
308
What is the significance of parameter names in a function declaration?
Parameter names are not important; only their types are required.
309
What happens when a program calls a function in C++?
Control is transferred to the called function, which performs its task and then returns control back to the main program.
310
How do you call a function in C++?
By passing the required parameters along with the function name.
311
What is the output of the provided example when the max() function is called with 100 and 200?
Max value is: 200.
312
What are formal parameters in a function?
Variables that accept the values of the arguments passed to the function.
313
What happens to formal parameters when a function is entered and exited?
They are created upon entry and destroyed upon exit.
314
What is 'Call by Value' in C++?
A method that copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function.
315
What is the effect of changes made to parameters in 'Call by Value' in C++?
Changes made to the parameter have no effect on the argument.
316
What does 'Call by Pointer' do in C++?
It copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter, allowing changes to the parameter to affect the argument.
317
How does 'Call by Reference' work in C++?
It copies the reference of an argument into the formal parameter, allowing changes to the parameter to affect the argument.
318
What is the default method C++ uses to pass arguments to functions?
Call by value.
319
How can you specify default values for parameters in a C++ function?
By using the assignment operator in the function definition.
320
What happens if a default parameter value is not passed when calling a function in C++?
The default value is used.
321
What happens if a value is specified for a parameter that has a default value in C++?
The specified value overrides the default value.
322
What is an example of a function with a default parameter in C++?
int sum(int a, int b=20) where b has a default value of 20.
323
What output does the function 'sum' produce when called with (100, 200) and (100)?
Total value is :300 for (100, 200) and Total value is :120 for (100).
324
What are the primitive data types used for numbers in C++?
int, short, long, float, double.
325
What is the purpose of the <iostream> library in C++?
It is used for input and output operations.
326
How do you define and assign a short variable in C++?
short s; s=10;.
327
What is the output of the following code: 'cout <<' short s :10, int i :1000, long 1:1000000, float f :230.47, double d :30949.374.'?
The output will be the values of the defined variables: short s :10, int i:1000, long 1:1000000, float f :230.47, double d:30949.374.
328
What is the purpose of including the <cmath> header file in C++?
To utilize built-in mathematical functions.
329
What does the function 'double cos(double)' do in C++?
It takes an angle (as a double) and returns the cosine.
330
What does the function 'double log(double)' return in C++?
It returns the natural log of the provided number.
331
What type of operations does C++ support for numbers?
C++ supports a rich set of mathematical operations.
332
What is the function of 'double sin(double)' in C++?
It takes an angle (as a double) and returns the sine.
333
What is the function of 'double tan(double)' in C++?
It takes an angle (as a double) and returns the tangent.
334
What is the output of the code that prints 'Total value is :300'?
It indicates that the sum of 100 and 200 is 300.
335
What is the output of the code that prints 'Total value is :120'?
It indicates that the sum of 100 and the default value 20 is 120.
336
What does the function pow(double, double) do?
It raises the first number to the power of the second number.
337
What does the function hypot (double, double) return?
It returns the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle given the lengths of the two sides.
338
What is the purpose of the sqrt(double) function?
It returns the square root of the number passed to it.
339
What does the function abs(int) return?
It returns the absolute value of an integer.
340
What is the function fabs(double) used for?
It returns the absolute value of any decimal number.
341
What does the floor(double) function do?
It finds the largest integer less than or equal to the argument passed to it.
342
What is the purpose of the rand() function in C++?
It generates a pseudo-random number.
343
How do you seed the random number generator in C++?
By calling the srand() function.
344
What is the syntax to declare a single-dimension array in C++?
type arrayName[arraySize];
345
How do you initialize an array in C++?
You can initialize it one by one or using a single statement like double balance [5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};.
346
What is the output of abs(-1000)?
1000
347
What is the output of floor (200.374) ?
200
348
What does sqrt(230.47) return?
Approximately 15.1812.
349
What does pow(200.374, 2) calculate?
It calculates 200.374 raised to the power of 2, which is approximately 40149.7.
350
What does the srand((unsigned) time(NULL)) line do?
It seeds the random number generator with the current time.
351
What is the maximum size of an array in C++?
It is determined by the available memory and the limits of the data type used.
352
How do you access the first element of an array named numbers?
Using numbers[0].
353
What is the significance of contiguous memory locations in arrays?
It allows for efficient access and storage of elements.
354
What is the output of sin(d) where d is defined as double d=288.374;?
Approximately -0.634939.
355
What is the result of executing a loop that generates 10 random numbers using rand()?
It produces 10 pseudo-random numbers.
356
What happens if the number of values in the initialization list exceeds the declared array size?
It results in a compilation error.
357
What is the purpose of including <cmath> in a C++ program?
It allows the use of mathematical functions like sin, pow, sqrt, etc.
358
What type of data structure does C++ provide for storing a fixed-size sequential collection of elements?
An array.
359
What happens if you omit the size of an array during initialization in C++?
An array just big enough to hold the initialization is created.
360
How do you access an element in an array in C++?
By indexing the array name with the element's index in square brackets.
361
What is the base index of an array in C++?
The base index is 0, meaning the first element of the array is accessed with index 0.
362
What does the statement 'balance[4]=50.0;' do?
It assigns the value 50.0 to the 5th element of the array 'balance'.
363
What is the purpose of the 'setw()' function in C++?
It is used to format the output by setting the width of the next output field.
364
What is the output of the provided C++ program?
It outputs the index and corresponding value of each element in the array 'n', showing values from 100 to 109.
365
What is a multi-dimensional array in C++?
An array that can have more than one index, the simplest form being a two-dimensional array.
366
How can you generate a pointer to the first element of an array in C++?
By specifying the array name without any index.
367
How can you pass an array to a function in C++?
By specifying the array's name without an index.
368
Can a function in C++ return an array?
Yes, C++ allows a function to return an array.
369
What is a C-style character string in C++?
A one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character '\0'.
370
How do you declare a C-style string for the word 'Hello'?
char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};.
371
What does the C++ compiler do when initializing a string constant?
It automatically places the null character '\0' at the end of the string.
372
How can you initialize a C-style string more simply?
By using char greeting[] = "Hello";.
373
What is the significance of the null character in C-style strings?
It indicates the end of the string.
374
What is the output format of the array elements in the provided C++ program?
The output is formatted in two columns: 'Element' and 'Value'.
375
What is the role of the 'main' function in a C++ program?
It serves as the entry point for program execution.
376
What type of array is 'n' in the provided C++ code?
An array of 10 integers.
377
What does the loop in the provided C++ program do?
It initializes each element of the array 'n' to its index value plus 100.
378
What is the purpose of including <iostream> and <iomanip> in a C++ program?
They are included for input/output operations and for formatting output, respectively.
379
What is the output of the statement 'cout << setw(7) << j << setw(13) << n[j] << endl;'?
It outputs the index 'j' and the corresponding value of 'n[j]' with specified formatting.
380
What is the purpose of the strcpy function in C++?
Copies string s2 into string s1.
381
What does the strcat function do?
Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.
382
What does the strlen function return?
Returns the length of string s1.
383
What is the result of strcmp(s1, s2)?
Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same; less than 0 if s1<s2; greater than 0 if s1>s2.
384
What does the strchr function return?
Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch in string s1.
385
What is the purpose of the strstr function?
Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in string s1.
386
What does the following code output: cout << greeting; where char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};?
Outputs 'Hello'.
387
How do you declare a pointer variable in C++?
Using the syntax type *var-name; where type is the pointer's base type.
388
What does the ampersand (&) operator do in C++?
It denotes an address in memory.
389
What is a pointer in C++?
A variable whose value is the address of another variable.
390
What is the output of cout << &var1; if var1 is an integer?
It prints the address of the var1 variable.
391
What is the output of cout << str3; after strcpy(str3, str1); where str1 is 'Hello'?
Outputs 'Hello'.
392
What does the size() function do for a string in C++?
Returns the total length of the string.
393
What is the output of cout << str3.size(); after str3 = str1 + str2; where str1 is 'Hello' and str2 is 'World'?
Outputs '10'.
394
What library must be included to use the C++ string class?
#include <string>.
395
What is the output of cout << &var2; where var2 is a char array?
It prints the address of the var2 variable.
396
What is the result of executing strcpy(str3, str1); where str1 is 'Hello'?
str3 will contain 'Hello'.
397
What happens if you concatenate two strings using + in C++?
It creates a new string that combines both strings.
398
What is the maximum size of the char arrays str1 and str2 in the provided example?
10 characters.
399
What is the output of cout << greeting << endl; in the first code example?
Outputs 'Hello'.
400
What is the purpose of including #include <cstring> in a C++ program?
To use C-style string manipulation functions.
401
What does the return 0; statement signify in the main function?
Indicates that the program has executed successfully.
402
What is the syntax for declaring a pointer to an integer in C++?
int *ip; // pointer to an integer.
403
What is the common data type of all pointers in C++?
A long hexadecimal number representing a memory address.
404
What are the three main operations performed with pointers in C++?
1. Define a pointer variable. 2. Assign the address of a variable to a pointer. 3. Access the value at the address using the unary operator *.
405
What does the unary * operator do in the context of pointers?
It returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by the pointer.
406
What is the output of the following code snippet: cout << *ip; where ip is a pointer to an integer variable var initialized to 20?
20
407
What is a null pointer in C++?
A constant with a value of zero defined in several standard libraries.
408
What arithmetic operations can be performed on pointers in C++?
++, --, +, -.
409
What is the relationship between pointers and arrays in C++?
There is a close relationship; pointers can be used to access array elements.
410
What is an array of pointers in C++?
An array that holds a number of pointers.
411
What is a pointer to a pointer in C++?
A pointer that points to another pointer.
412
How can you pass pointers to functions in C++?
By reference or by address, allowing the called function to modify the passed argument.
413
Can a function in C++ return a pointer?
Yes, a function can return a pointer to a local variable, static variable, or dynamically allocated memory.
414
What is a reference variable in C++?
An alias for an already existing variable, allowing access through either the variable name or the reference name.
415
What are the key differences between references and pointers in C++?
1. References cannot be NULL; pointers can. 2. References cannot be changed to refer to another object; pointers can. 3. References must be initialized at creation; pointers can be initialized later.
416
How do you create a reference variable in C++?
By using the syntax int& r = i; where r is a reference to the variable i.
417
What does the & symbol signify in reference declarations in C++?
It indicates that the variable is a reference.
418
What is the output of the following code snippet: cout << ip; if ip points to a variable?
The address stored in the pointer variable ip.
419
What is the purpose of using pointers in C++ programming?
Pointers allow for dynamic memory management and efficient array handling.
420
What is the significance of the address-of operator (&) in C++?
It is used to obtain the memory address of a variable.
421
What happens when you try to dereference a NULL pointer in C++?
It leads to undefined behavior, often resulting in a runtime error.
422
What is the purpose of pointer arithmetic?
To navigate through memory addresses when working with arrays and other data structures.
423
How can pointers enhance the performance of C++ programs?
By allowing direct memory access and manipulation, reducing overhead in data handling.
424
What is the difference between a pointer and a reference in terms of memory allocation?
Pointers can be allocated and deallocated dynamically; references are bound to a variable upon creation.
425
What is the purpose of references in C++?
References are used for function argument lists and function return values, allowing safer parameter passing.
426
How do you declare a reference variable in C++?
A reference variable is declared using the '&' symbol, e.g., 'int& r = i;'.
427
What output does the following code produce: 'cout << "Value of i: " << i << endl;'?
It outputs the current value of the variable 'i'.
428
What is the significance of the 'ctime' function in C++?
The 'ctime' function returns a pointer to a string representing the local time in the format 'day month year hours:minutes:seconds'.
429
What does the 'localtime' function return?
It returns a pointer to the 'tm' structure representing local time.
430
What type of data does 'time_t' represent?
time_t' represents the current calendar time in seconds since January 1, 1970.
431
What is the structure 'tm' used for in C++?
The 'tm' structure holds date and time information, including seconds, minutes, hours, day of month, month, year, and more.
432
What does the 'difftime' function do?
The 'difftime' function calculates the difference in seconds between two 'time_t' values.
433
What is the purpose of the 'strftime' function?
The 'strftime' function formats date and time in a specific format.
434
How do you retrieve the current system date and time in C++?
You can use functions like 'time', 'localtime', and 'strftime' to retrieve and format the current system date and time.
435
What does the 'mktime' function return?
The 'mktime' function returns the calendar-time equivalent of the time found in the 'tm' structure.
436
What is the output of 'cout << "Value of d reference: " << s << endl;' after setting d=11.7?
It outputs 'Value of d reference: 11.7'.
437
What are the four time-related types in C++?
The four time-related types are 'clock_t', 'time_t', 'size_t', and 'tm'.
438
What does the 'clock' function return?
The 'clock' function returns a value that approximates the amount of time the calling program has been running.
439
What is the range of values for 'tm_sec' in the 'tm' structure?
The 'tm_sec' can range from 0 to 61 seconds.
440
What does the 'tm_year' member of the 'tm' structure represent?
The 'tm_year' represents the number of years since 1900.
441
What is the role of the '#include <ctime>' directive in a C++ program?
It includes the header file necessary for date and time manipulation functions.
442
What is the output of 'cout << "Value of i reference: " << r << endl;' after setting i=5?
It outputs 'Value of i reference: 5'.
443
What does the 'gmtime' function return?
The 'gmtime' function returns a pointer to the 'tm' structure representing time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
444
How is a reference variable different from a regular variable in C++?
A reference variable acts as an alias for another variable, allowing direct access to the original variable's value.
445
What happens if you try to return a reference from a function that returns a local variable?
Returning a reference to a local variable results in undefined behavior, as the variable goes out of scope after the function returns.
446
What is the output of the following code snippet: 'cout << "Value of d: " << d << endl;' after setting d=11.7?
It outputs 'Value of d: 11.7'.
447
What does the ctime function do in C++?
It converts the current time to a string form.
448
What is the purpose of the tm structure in C++?
It holds the date and time in a structured format and is used by most time-related functions.
449
What is the significance of January 1, 1970, in C++ time functions?
It is the epoch time from which time is measured in seconds.
450
How do you access members of a tm structure in C++?
Using the arrow operator (->) after creating a pointer to the tm structure.
451
What is the output of cout << timeinfo->tm_year + 1900 << "-" << timeinfo->tm_mon + 1 << "-" << timeinfo->tm_mday << " " << timeinfo->tm_hour << ":" << timeinfo->tm_min << ":" << timeinfo->tm_sec << endl;?
It prints the current local date and time.
452
What is the purpose of the #include <iostream> directive?
It includes the standard input/output stream library necessary for using cin, cout, cerr and clog.
453
What does the cout object represent in C++?
It represents the standard output stream, typically connected to the display screen.
454
What is the function of the << operator in C++?
It is the stream insertion operator used to output data to the standard output stream.
455
What does the iomanip header file provide?
It provides services for formatted input/output, including manipulators like setw and setprecision.
456
What is the purpose of the fstream header file?
It declares services for user-controlled file processing.
457
What is the output of the code that prints the year, month, day, and time using the tm structure?
It displays the current year, month, day, and time based on the local time.
458
How is the localtime function used in C++?
It converts a time_t object to a tm structure representing local time.
459
What is the output of cout << str << endl; where str is a string variable?
It prints the value of the string variable str.
460
What does the cerr object represent?
It represents the un-buffered standard error stream.
461
What does the clog object represent?
It represents the buffered standard error stream.
462
What is the result of executing cout << str; where str is a string variable?
It outputs the value of the string variable.
463
What is the output of the code that prints the number of seconds since January 1, 1970?
It prints the total number of seconds elapsed since the epoch.
464
What does the asctime function do?
It converts a tm structure to a string representation of the time.
465
What is the difference between local time and UTC time in C++?
Local time is adjusted for the local timezone, while UTC time is the standard time without any timezone adjustments.
466
What is the role of the main function in a C++ program?
It serves as the entry point for program execution.
467
What is the output of the code that prints 'Value of str is Hello C++'?
It outputs the string stored in the variable str.
468
How does C++ handle data types when using cout?
The C++ compiler determines the data type and selects the appropriate stream insertion operator.
469
What is the purpose of the #include <ctime> directive?
It includes the library necessary for handling date and time functions.
470
What is the purpose of the insertion operator << in C++?
It is used to output data to the standard output stream.
471
What does endl do in a C++ program?
It adds a new line at the end of the output.
472
What is the Standard Input Stream in C++?
It is represented by the predefined object cin, which is an instance of the istream class and is attached to the keyboard.
473
How is the stream extraction operator represented in C++?
It is represented by two greater than signs (>>).
474
What does the following code do: cin >> name;
It reads a value from the standard input and stores it in the variable name.
475
What is the difference between cin and cerr in C++?
cin is used for standard input and is buffered, while cerr is used for error messages and is unbuffered.
476
What is the purpose of the cerr object in C++?
It is used to output error messages immediately to the standard error device.
477
What is the difference between cerr and clog in C++?
cerr is unbuffered and outputs immediately, while clog is buffered and may hold output until the buffer is filled or flushed.
478
How do you define a structure in C++?
You use the struct statement followed by a structure tag, member definitions, and optionally one or more structure variables.
479
What attributes might you track in a library book structure?
Title, Author, Subject, and Book ID.
480
What is a structure in C++?
A user-defined data type that allows combining data items of different kinds.
481
What is the syntax for defining a structure in C++?
struct [structure tag] { member definition; ... } [structure variables];.
482
What is the purpose of the stream insertion operator in C++?
It is used to output data to the standard output stream.
483
Can the stream extraction operator >> be used multiple times in a single statement?
Yes, it can be used to read multiple values in a single statement.
484
What does the following code do: cin >> name >> age;
It reads values for both name and age from the standard input.
485
What is the output of the following code: cerr << 'Error message:' << str << endl;
It outputs an error message immediately to the standard error device.
486
What is the significance of using cerr for error messages?
It ensures that error messages are displayed immediately, making debugging easier.
487
What does the following code do: clog << 'Error message: ' << str << endl;
It outputs a log message to the standard log stream, which may be buffered.
488
What is the benefit of using clog for log messages?
It allows for buffered output, which can improve performance for logging.
489
What is the main difference between cout, cerr, and clog?
cout is for standard output, cerr is for immediate error output, and clog is for buffered log output.
490
What does the C++ compiler do when reading input with cin?
It determines the data type of the entered value and selects the appropriate stream extraction operator.
491
What is an instance of the istream class in C++?
The predefined object cin.
492
What is an instance of the ostream class in C++?
The predefined objects cerr and clog.
493
What is the syntax to declare a structure named 'Books' in C++?
struct Books { char title[50]; char author [50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; };.
494
How do you access a member of a structure in C++?
You use the member access operator (.) between the structure variable name and the member.
495
What is the purpose of the 'strcpy' function in the context of structures?
The 'strcpy' function is used to copy strings into the character arrays of the structure members.
496
How do you declare a variable of the structure type 'Books'?
You use the syntax 'struct Books Book1;' to declare a variable of type 'Books'.
497
What are the members of the 'Books' structure?
The members are title (char[50]), author (char[50]), subject (char[100]), and book_id (int).
498
What is the output of the following statement: 'cout << Book1.title << endl;'?
It prints the title of Book1.
499
How can you pass a structure as a function argument in C++?
You can pass a structure as a function argument just like any other variable or pointer.
500
What is the function signature for a function that takes a 'Books' structure as an argument?
void printBook(struct Books book);
501
What does the 'printBook' function do?
It prints the details of the book passed to it, including title, author, subject, and book_id.
502
How do you define a pointer to a structure in C++?
You define it using the syntax 'struct Books *struct_pointer;'.
503
What is the purpose of using pointers with structures?
Pointers allow you to store the address of a structure variable, enabling dynamic memory management and efficient data handling.
504
What will be the output if 'printBook (Book1);' is called with Book1 initialized as 'Learn C++ Programming'?
It will print the title, author, subject, and id of Book1.
505
What is the output when the program is executed with Book1 and Book2 initialized?
It prints the details of both books: their titles, authors, subjects, and IDs.
506
How is the 'main' function structured in the provided code?
It declares two 'Books' variables, initializes them, and calls 'printBook' to display their details.
507
What happens if you try to access a member of a structure that hasn't been initialized?
It may lead to undefined behavior or garbage values being printed.
508
Can you modify the members of a structure after it has been passed to a function?
Yes, but only if the structure is passed by reference or pointer; otherwise, modifications won't affect the original structure.
509
What library is included for string manipulation in the provided code?
The library is included for string manipulation functions like 'strcpy'.
510
What does the 'using namespace std;' statement do?
It allows the use of standard library features without needing to prefix them with 'std::'.
511
What is the significance of the 'return 0;' statement in the main function?
It indicates that the program has executed successfully.
512
What is the maximum number of characters that can be stored in the 'title' member of the 'Books' structure?
50 characters.
513
What type of data does the 'book_id' member of the 'Books' structure hold?
It holds an integer value.
514
What is the output of 'cout << Book2.subject << endl;' if Book2 is initialized with 'Telecom'?
It will print 'Telecom'.
515
What is the role of the 'struct' keyword in C++?
It is used to define a structure type.
516
How do you find the address of a structure variable in C++?
Place the & operator before the structure's name, e.g., struct_pointer = &Book1.
517
What operator is used to access members of a structure using a pointer?
The -> operator, e.g., struct_pointer->title.
518
What is the purpose of the printBook function in the provided code?
It accepts a pointer to a structure as a parameter and prints the book's title, author, subject, and ID.
519
What is the definition of the Books structure in the provided code?
struct Books { char title [50]; char author [50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; };
520
How do you declare a variable of the Books type using typedef?
You can declare it as Books Book1, Book2; without using the struct keyword.
521
What does the typedef keyword do in C++?
It allows you to create an alias for a data type, making it easier to define variables.
522
How do you define a class in C++?
A class is defined using the keyword class followed by the class name and a body enclosed in curly braces.
523
What are the access specifiers in C++ classes?
The main access specifiers are public, private, and protected.
524
What does the public keyword indicate in a class definition?
It allows the members of the class to be accessed from outside the class.
525
What is the purpose of a class in C++?
A class specifies the form of an object and combines data representation and methods for manipulating that data.
526
What does a class definition in C++ provide?
It provides a blueprint for a data type, defining what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed.
527
What is the syntax for defining a class named Box with three public members?
class Box { public: double length; double breadth; double height; };
528
How do you initialize the title of Book1 in the provided code?
Using strcpy(Book1.title, "Learn C++ Programming");
529
What is the output of the printBook function when called with Book1?
It prints the title, author, subject, and ID of Book1.
530
What is the purpose of the main function in the provided code?
It declares two book variables, initializes them, and calls printBook to display their information.
531
What is the output of the printBook function when called with Book2?
It prints the title, author, subject, and ID of Book2.
