Overview

Question 1

How did the study quantify ocean heat uptake

Answer 1

used measurements of atmospheric O2 and CO2

Question 2

how many joules of heat did the ocean gain per year between 1991 and 2016

Answer 2

1.33 x 10^22 joules

Question 3

What is the planets energy imbalance per square meter of Earth’s surface

Answer 3

0.83 watts/m2

Question 4

what degrees will Earth rise by 2100

Answer 4

3 deg

Question 5

what are salmon travelling to Alaska’s lakes to spawn carrying

Answer 5

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 
- industrial pollutants (can be 7x higher)

Question 6

what would salmon carrying PCB’s harm

Answer 6

top carnivores: bears, eagles, humans

Question 7

what insects have few scientists tracked

Answer 7

• moths, beetles, hover flies etc

Question 8

what birds to neonicotinoids affect the most

Answer 8

birds that migrate short distances

Question 9

what does the breakdown of primary plastics in the environment result in

Answer 9

microplastics

Question 10

where are micropastics found

Answer 10

all oceans, many freshwater systems, accumulating in sediment, on shorelines, suspended in surface waters, and being ingested by plankton, fish, birds, and marine mammals

Question 11

what % of bird and mammal abundances decline

Answer 11

bird: 58%
mammal: 83%

Question 12

what are the most illegally trafficked animal in the world

Answer 12

pangolins

Question 13

what is illegal trade in wildlife and natural resources valued annually

Answer 13

$213 billion annually

Question 14

what is illegal trade in wildlife worth annually

Answer 14

$20 billion annually

Question 15

what % of deforestation is illegal timber trade responsible for in major tropical countries

Answer 15

90% of deforestation

Question 16

what (from most to least) is the most responsible for the threatening of species (5)

Answer 16

1. habitat loss
2. exotic species
3. pollution
4. exploitation
5. disease

Question 17

ecological options for the future (4)

Answer 17

1. possible fixes for global warming (7)
2. reduction in human population numbers
3. large expansion of terrestrial and marine protected areas
4. ecological role-models, educators, leadership

Question 18

what is the projected earth population in 2100:

a) at 2011 growth rate
b) 2 child families
c) 1 child families

Answer 18

a) 18.5 billion
b) 8.7 billlion
c) 1.4 billion

Question 19

what was the births/women in child in 1968, in 1978 (beginning of one child policy) and in 2015 (after one child policy)

Answer 19

1968: 5.9 births/women
1978: 3 births/women
2015: 1.7 births/women

Question 20

where are there incentives for women to have large families

Answer 20

france, estonia, and russia and India

Question 21

What did henry dave thoreau do

Answer 21

poet about saving trees

Question 22

rachel carson

Answer 22

silent spring

DDT killing insects and birds

Question 23

linkage density food web

Answer 23

average number of links per species

- total links divided by total number of species

Question 24

connectance

Answer 24

actual number of links (L) divided by the total number of possible links (N) (L/N)
N = n(n-1)/2

Question 25

how many salmon can a bear transfer into the forest over a 6 week spawning period

Answer 25

700 salmon over 6 weeks

Question 26

what is the average transfer of salmon carcasses per km/year along spawning reaches of rivers

Answer 26

1000 carcasses per km per year

Question 27

how many kg of carcass remnants left in BC forests by bears

Answer 27

2.4 million kg

Question 28

what % of the nitrogen in riparian vegetation come from salmon

Answer 28

80%

Question 29

what are the global trends in species abundance (3)

Answer 29

a) taxonomy and body size b) aquatic vs terrestrial c) geographical correlates of species richness (lat, depth and alt)

Question 30

what are the explanations for trends in global species richness (6)

Answer 30

1. primary productivity 2. competition 3. climate variability 4. spatial heterogeneity 5. environmental age 6. geological time

Question 31

equator of ocean vs up north/south. productivity and species richness. Marine.

Answer 31

equator: high species richness low productivity up n/s: low species richness, high productivity

Question 32

what temp is optimal for species richness in ocean

Answer 32

4 deg celcius

Question 33

hadley cell, ferrel cell, polar cell

Answer 33

hadley cell: near equator, hot moist air rises. forms cumulus clouds, cools and causes rain at equator ferrel cell: subsidence zones. Cold dry air sinks polar cell: cold dry air falls

Question 34

how many gigatons of carbon in biosphere

Answer 34

550 gigatons

Question 35

how many gigatons of carbon in plants

Answer 35

450 gigatons

Question 36

how many gigatons of carbon in bacteria

Answer 36

70 gigatons

Question 37

how many gigatons of carbon in animal

Answer 37

2 gigatons

Question 38

how many gigatons of carbon in marine biota

Answer 38

6 gigatons

Question 39

how many gigatons in archaea

Answer 39

7 gigatons

Question 40

spatial heterogenetiy theory

Answer 40

few plant species, lead to few herbivore species, lead to few predator species (vice versa)

Question 41

what is the storage effect

Answer 41

ecological mechanism that reduces the potential for competitive exclusion more strongly in the tropics

Question 42

how much does the storage effect reduce the ratio of interspecific-to-intraspecific competition by for each degree of latitude closer to the equator

Answer 42

reduces interspecific-to-intraspecific competition by 0.25% for each degree of lat closer to the equator - because of the longer growing seasons: lower recruitment synchrony between species and enhancing niche partitoning

Question 43

essential features of equilibrium theory (3)

Answer 43

1. number of species moves toward an equilibrium of extinction and colonization as a function of island area and distance 2. at equilibrium, actual species composition is in continuous state of change as some species go extinct and new species colonize: high turnover rate 3. can predict number of species but not composition of species

Question 44

speciation occurs with: tripartite theory

Answer 44

- decreased extinction - increased isolation - decreased immigration - increased area??

Question 45

biggest cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

Answer 45

cattle ranching | 65-70%

Question 46

what % of the abundances of species are affected by forest edges (positive or neg)

Answer 46

85%

Question 47

where did species that live in the centre of the forest reach peak abundances from forest edges

Answer 47

200-400m from the forest edge

Question 48

what kind of animals experienced a larger reduction in suitable habitat than other forest-core species

Answer 48

smaller-bodied amphibians, larger reptiles, medium-sized non volant mammals

Question 49

What greenhouse gases were derived from air bubbles trapped in ice in antarctica

Answer 49

CO2, methane, nitrous oxide - naturally falls and rises every ~ 100,000 years - now peak rise that isn't natural

Question 50

how many CO2 molecules in --> methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbon

Answer 50

methane: 32 CO2 nitrous oxide: 150 CO2 CFC: > 10,000

Question 51

radiative absorption per ppm increase atmospheric [] (CO2, methane, N20, CFC)

Answer 51

CO2: 406 ppmv (part per million by volume) methane: 1880 ppbv (part per billion by volume) nitrous oxide: 330 ppbv CFC's: ~ 0.38 ppbv

Question 52

what % is does black carbon contribute to GW

Answer 52

20%

Question 53

what % does water vapour contribute to global warming?

Answer 53

60%