Succession

Question 1

Most common type of defense

Answer 1

Chemical defense

• after capture
• toxic chemicals (especially beetles)

Question 2

Types of fighting defense

Answer 2

• stinging (especially wasps)
• after capture
• biting
• kicking

Question 3

types of crypsis defense

Answer 3

• camo (especially caterpillars)

Question 4

effects of herbivory on plants

Answer 4

• loss of competitive ability
• defoliation
• go for young leaves, less lignin, more nutrients
• growth rate of plant reduced by up to 25%

Question 5

Antibrowsing compounds

Answer 5

• alcohols
• alkaloids
• quinones
• glycosides
• flavenoids
• raphides

Question 6

Plant defenses

Answer 6

1. Chemical

2. Structural defenses (spines/thornes) devils club?

Question 7

Plant chemical defenses

Answer 7

1. unpleasant odour
2. neurotoxins
3. contact irritation
4. bitter taste
5. proteinase inhibitors
6. growth hormone mimics
7. psychotropic effects

Question 8

unpleasant odour example

Answer 8

mustard

Question 9

contact irritation example

Answer 9

poison ivy

- contact dermatitis

Question 10

bitter taste example (name the compounds)

Answer 10

lot of berries when they are not ripe

- tannins, alkaloids

Question 11

neurotoxins

Answer 11

Dinoflagellates and U-tree berries

• dinoflagellates - do not hurt fish but would kill birds
• U-tree berries, kill mammals but not birds and mice. Seeds don’t get metabolized

Question 12

Proteinase inhibitors

Answer 12

Cotton, chickpea, potato

- inhibit the metabolism of these, they don’t get broken down and animal will starve to death

Question 13

Growth hormone mimic

Answer 13

cat nip

- mimics the moulting hormone if animal eats this, moults too early/late and die

Question 14

Psychotropic effects

Answer 14

Peyote (mescaline)
- antibrowing to kangaroo rats, flips out when they eat it
Caffeine
- when spiders have caffeine or mescaline, they suck at making webs

Question 15

Flower and Bee study

Answer 15

• caffeine is a stimulant at low lvls for bees
• some flowers put small amounts of caffeine in their tubes to increase pollination
• bees more likely to come back

Question 16

Animal defenses against plant chemical defenses

Answer 16

1. mixed function oxidase - oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction
2. concentration of toxins
3. selective browsing

Question 17

Concentration of toxins

Answer 17

• take toxins out of leaves they eat, metabolize this toxin to the brightest part of animal
  (clams - black part = neurotoxins)
• frog
• ants innoculate toxic leaves with fungus.. ants eat the fungus.. they have resistance to the poison… fungus concentrates the poison

Question 18

Selective browsing

Answer 18

• insects don’t eat the vessels they won’t die

- saliva of moose has antifungal proterties. Reduced growth and toxin production

Question 19

Ecological Succession

Answer 19

the sequential change in species composition of the community over time

Question 20

Primary succession

Answer 20

establishment of plant and animal communities in a place where there is nothing
- ex. mount st. helens

Question 21

What was the first species to colonize bear rock

Answer 21

alder

- because they are nitrogen fixing. have the capacity to utilize atmospheric nitrogen and fix itself into bear rock

Question 22

Secondary succession

Answer 22

the change of an established community

- eg. when a pond disappears

Question 23

seral stage

Answer 23

• each sequential community, takes place in secondary succession
• each stage will last longer and longer

Question 24

how to determine the history of vegetation in secondary successive ecosystems

Answer 24

Pipe in ground

• used to reconstruct vegetation history
• when they find that C14 decayed to N14, that is their estimates for when the plants died
• can take the DNA of this plant and animal species

Question 25

Mammoth study

Answer 25

found that mamoths lived until 10,500 BP, several thousands years later than indicated from macrofossil surveys. - mammoth and horse survival overlapped with humans - contradicts the findings that extinction was due to extraterrestrial impact in late pleistocene

Question 26

Allogenic succession

Answer 26

ex. fire, earthquake, volcano | - abiotic disturbances, flips to earlier state

Question 27

Autogenic succession

Answer 27

biotic disturcances pushing back to earlier state | -ex. beaver den

Question 28

why is old growth important?

Answer 28

more biodiversity

Question 29

following secondary sucession, why is there a peak then decline in TOTAL biomass

Answer 29

- every leaf/branch/tree that falls and hasn't decomposes | - eventually will decompose and steady state

Question 30

How long does it take to reach late seral stages?

Answer 30

depends on area | - when environment is wet it will recover faster

Question 31

how long did it take krakatau to recover

Answer 31

130 years | - 15 m of hot lava on island

Question 32

how long would it take coastal bc rainforest to recover

Answer 32

- 1000 years for insect community | 100 years for trees

Question 33

how long would it take the arctic to reach late seral stages

Answer 33

~ 10,000 years | - because it is still changing

Question 34

echological mechanisms for succession

Answer 34

1. stochastic events 2. facilitation 3. Inhibition 4. Tolerance

Question 35

stochastic events

Answer 35

Unpredictable - who gets there first can be well established - major process in early seral stages

Question 36

facilitation

Answer 36

- a species creates conditions favourable for succeeding species at expense of itself - e.g. clover facilitates colonization of another species at the expense of itself (trees) - leads to regular, sequential shit in species (assembly rules) - major process in early seral stages

Question 37

facilitation example

Answer 37

1. predators cannot colonize successfully unless prey are already present 2. pollinators cannot colonize successfully unless flowering plants are present

Question 38

Inhibition

Answer 38

- species inhibits the colonization of subsequent species | e. g. allelopathy: chemical inhibition (coral reefs), competitive exclusion

Question 39

Tolerance

Answer 39

members of a seral stage that co-exist due to the use of different resources - combo of facilitation and inhibition - ghost of competitions past

Question 40

shoot to root ratio high vs. low seral state

Answer 40

high in early stages, low in late stages