OVERVIEW AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Question 1

what is the basic role of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

connect organs and structures that function to conduct air in optimal condition into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange

Question 2

what is the optimal condition of air?

Answer 2

clean, warm and moist

Question 3

what does respiratory system need in order to serve its function?

Answer 3

• surface for gas exchange
• path for air to flow
• ability to draw breath in and out

Question 4

what are the 2 extra features of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

sound production and olfaction

Question 5

what are the 2 tracts in respiratory?

Answer 5

upper and lower

Question 6

what are the components in upper respiratory tract?

Answer 6

• nose
• nasal cavity
• paranasal sinuses
• pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx)

Question 7

what are the components in lower respiratory tract?

Answer 7

• larynx
• trachea
• bronchus
• bronchioles
• alveoli

Question 8

what are the 3 crucial parts in respiratory tract?

Answer 8

• thoracic cavity
• joints
• respiratory muscles

Question 9

what are the 4 components of the respiratory system? and what are their overall function?

Answer 9

• nasal cavity: olfaction
• oral cavity: passage for air and food
• conducting zone from nose to bronchioles: ensure optimal air condition
• respiratory zone from bronchioles to alveoli: site of gas exchange

Question 10

describe the epithelia tract of the respiratory system?

Answer 10

• tract lined with mucosa which is a layer with: epithelia and lamina propria attached together via basement membrane
• lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue and may contain glands
• below the mucosa is the submucosal layer: more conenctive tissue and may contain many glands depends on the region

Question 11

describe the change in epithelium of tract to reflect function of each part?

Answer 11

• conducting region: respiratory epithelium
• where air and food travel: stratified squamous
• site of gas exchange: simple squamous
• olfaction: olfactory mucosa

Question 12

what is respiratory epithelium?

Answer 12

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 13

where can you fine respiratory epithelium?

Answer 13

nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 14

what does goblet cells do?

Answer 14

produce mucus to trap debris and moisten air (clean and moist air)

Question 15

why does respiratory epithelium is ciliated?

Answer 15

• to capture mucus and then produce a pattern movement to push mucus towards pharynx
• mucus being sent towards pharynx to be swallowed and digested by stomach acid

Question 16

why does runny nose happen on a cold day?

Answer 16

cilia stop beating –> mucus’ dribble’ out of nose instead move to pharynx

Question 17

why do we cough up mucus when we are unwell?

Answer 17

unwell –> body produces more mucus and coughing assist the silia to push the mucus

Question 18

why do smokers cough?

Answer 18

cigarette smoke paralyse and destroy cilia

Question 19

what is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 19

• conducting passage
• prepare optimal condition of air for respiratory membrane
• resonating chambers for speech at paranasal sinuses
• sensory receptor - olfaction

Question 20

why is nose made up of cartilages?

Answer 20

• soft and flexible
• maintain patent airway

Question 21

what is nostrils also called?

Answer 21

external nares

Question 22

nose has a structure of a ____1____ lined with _____2_____, has _____3_____ and _____4_____ glands as well as ______5_______
the _______5.1________ filter inhaled air

Answer 22

1: vestibule
2: skin
3: sebaceous
4: sweat
5: hair
5.1: vibrissae (hair)

Question 23

describe the bone structure of the nose?

Answer 23

• nasal septum in midline with cartilage anteriorly and bone posteriorly
• internal nares open into nasal pharynx
• roof of cavity formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones
• floor of cavity formed by hard and soft palates
• on lateral wall their is a special structure called conchae

Question 24

describe structure of conchae?

Answer 24

• lies on the lateral wall of nose
• has 3 projections: superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)
• covered by respiratory epithelium

Question 25

what is the function of conchae?

Answer 25

- swirl inspired air - stick the particle to mucosa - warming and humidifying of air - olfactory detection

Question 26

what is the main type of nasal epithelium?

Answer 26

respiratory epithelium

Question 27

where is the specialised area of olfactory epithelium in nasal epithelium?

Answer 27

roof of nasal cavity, area which contains smell receptors

Question 28

____1______ is the epithelium sits on lamina propria, it is a ____2____-walled _____3_______. the _____1_____ helps warm incoming air because when air temperature drops, ____3_____ _____4_____ for greater heat transfer

Answer 28

1: nasal mucosa 2: thin 3: vascular plexus 4: dilate

Question 29

where is the origin of nose bleed

Answer 29

damage nasal mucosa

Question 30

what does paranasal mean? what does sinus mean?

Answer 30

- paranasal: surrounding the nose - sinus: cavity within a bone

Question 31

where can we find the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 31

within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

Question 32

what lines the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 32

respiratory mucosa

Question 33

where does paranasal sinus drain to?

Answer 33

pharynx

Question 34

functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 34

- lighten skull - increase SA to clean, warm and moisten air - sound resonance - sinuses blocked by infected mucus

Question 35

what is pharynx also known as?

Answer 35

the throat

Question 36

describe the structure of pharynx?

Answer 36

- muscular funnel-shaped tube share by respiratory and digestive system - has 3 regions (from superior to inferior): nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 37

TRUE/FALSE: nasopharynx is lined with respiratory mucosa and is an air-food passage

Answer 37

FALSE: even though nasopharynx is indeed lined with respiratory mucosa but it is an **air passage only**

Question 38

where is the specific location of nasopharynx?

Answer 38

- posterior to nasal cavity - internal nares to soft palate

Question 39

which structures block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasal cavity?

Answer 39

soft palate and uvula

Question 40

what can we also find in the nasopharynx structure that is related to the ears?

Answer 40

auditory tubes

Question 41

what is the structure on the posterior wall of nasopharynx?

Answer 41

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

Question 42

while nasopharynx is an air passage only, both ____1____ and ______2_____ are air and food passage

Answer 42

1: oropharynx 2: laryngopharynx

Question 43

what lines the oropharynx?

Answer 43

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 44

why is stratified squamous lined the oropharynx?

Answer 44

for protection against abrasioin

Question 45

what is the location of oropharynx?

Answer 45

- posterior to oral cavity - from soft palate to hyoid bone

Question 46

what are the 2 special structures that you can find in the oropharynx?

Answer 46

palatine and lingual tonsils

Question 47

normally at people with tonsil stones, it is suggested to cut 1 of the tonsils, which one is being cut?

Answer 47

palatine

Question 48

what lines the laryngopharynx?

Answer 48

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 49

where can you find oropharynx?

Answer 49

- from hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of esophagus - ends at level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge

Question 50

where in the URT would you find stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 50

nasal vestibule, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 51

what are the different types of epithelia found in the URT?

Answer 51

- vestibule of the nose: skin - nasal cavity: olfactory mucosa - nasal vestibule, oropharynx and laryngopharynx: stratified squamous epithelium - nasal cavity and nasopharynx: respiratory epithelium