SKIN ANATOMY I

Question 1

what are the 7 keywords for function of skin?

Answer 1

Protect - Excrete - Maintain - Produce - Synthesize - Storage - Detect

Question 2

what skin protects against?

Answer 2

protect underlying tissue and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss and chemical attack

Question 3

excretion of skin?

Answer 3

salt, water, organic waste by integumentary glands

Question 4

what does skin produce?

Answer 4

melanin and keratin

Question 5

melanin vs keratin?

Answer 5

melanin: protect from ultraviolet radiation
keratin: protect from abrasion and water repellent

Question 6

what is the purpose of vitamin D3 synthesis of skin?

Answer 6

vitamin D3 = steroid that is subsequently converted to calcitriol = a hormone important to normal calcium metabolism

Question 7

where is lipids being store?

Answer 7

• adipocytes in dermis
• adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer

Question 8

what does skin detect?

Answer 8

touch, pressure, pain, temperature stimuli –> relay the information to the nervous system

Question 9

what does it mean to say skin is a composite organ?

Answer 9

it is made up of all 4 tissue types

Question 10

3 layers of skin from superficial to deep

Answer 10

epidermis - dermis - hypodermis

Question 11

what are the 2 layers that made up the cutaneous ?

Answer 11

epidermis and dermis

Question 12

what is subcutaneous also referred to?

Answer 12

hypodermis (adipose tissue)

Question 13

the 3 main characteristics of the epidermis?

Answer 13

• stratified barrier
• mostly keratinocytes
• avascular

Question 14

the 2 main characteristics of the dermis?

Answer 14

• protein fibres –> strength
• vascular

Question 15

types of epithelia

Answer 15

• simple: squamous - cuboidal - columnar
• stratified: squamous - cuboidal - columnar

Question 16

simple vs stratified

Answer 16

simple = single layer cell
stratified = stacked

Question 17

what kind of epithelia is epidermis?

Answer 17

stratified squamous

Question 18

4 main layers of epidermis (+ 1 extra) from superficial to deep

Answer 18

• stratum corneum
  (- stratum lucidum)
• stratum granulosum
• stratum spinosum
• stratum basale

Question 19

what is the difference between thin and thick skin?

Answer 19

• 1 extra epidermal layer, thin skin doesn’t have stratum lucidum
• no hair at thick skin

Question 20

examples where can find thick skin

Answer 20

palms of hands, soles of feet

Question 21

characteristic of stratum corneum

Answer 21

• dead, dried-out hard cells
• no nuclei

Question 22

characteristic of stratum granulosum

Answer 22

• contains granules that promotes dehydration of the cell and crosslinking of keratin fibre
• waxy material secreted into the intercellular spaces

Question 23

characteristic of stratum spinosum

Answer 23

• desmosomes link cells together
• cells increasingly flattened as they move upward

Question 24

characteristic of stratum basale

Answer 24

• columnar regenerative cells
• basal cell divides –> daughter cell migrates up to replenish the layer above

Question 25

what part of epidermis promotes dehydration of cell and crosslinking of keratin fibre

Answer 25

the granules in stratum granulosum

Question 26

what anchor neighboring cells in epidermis

Answer 26

desmosomes (at stratum spinosum)

Question 27

what anchor epidermis to dermis

Answer 27

hemidesmosomes (stratum basale to dermis)

Question 28

what is the type of junction that connects epidermis to dermis

Answer 28

tight junction

Question 29

what layers contain stem cells

Answer 29

stratum basale of the epidermis

Question 30

what do the stem cells in the epidermis produce?

Answer 30

keratinocytes

Question 31

what are the 2 layers of dermis from upper to deeper?

Answer 31

- papillary layer - reticular layer

Question 32

dermis main characteristics?

Answer 32

- below epidermis, anchor via hemidesmosomes - not shed

Question 33

what is the papillary layer mean?

Answer 33

highly vascularised tissues for nourishment

Question 34

what consisted in both layers of the dermis?

Answer 34

blood vessels. lymphatics, sensory nerve fibres and accessory structures

Question 35

what reticular layer mean?

Answer 35

- mesh-like structure - collagen and elastin fibre for strength

Question 36

what layer in dermis is mesh-like of collagen and elastin

Answer 36

reticular - support strength

Question 37

name of the 2 plexuses of the dermis?

Answer 37

cutaneous and subpapillary

Question 38

what presents at junction of dermis/hypodermis?

Answer 38

cutaneous plexus - network of blood vessels

Question 39

what is the funtion of cutaneous plexus?

Answer 39

supplies the hypodermis, deeper dermis, including the capillaries for hair follicles and sweat glands

Question 40

what branches from cutaneous plexus?

Answer 40

subpapillary plexus

Question 41

characteristic of subpapillary plexus?

Answer 41

lies deep to the papillary layer of dermis

Question 42

what does subpapillary plexus do?

Answer 42

network of blood vessels providing O2 and nutrients to upper dermis and epidermis

Question 43

what layer is not considered part of skin?

Answer 43

hypodermis - referred as 'subcutaneous' layer

Question 44

what dominates the hypodermis

Answer 44

adipocytes that produce subcutaneous fat

Question 45

what is the purpose of subcutaneous fat?

Answer 45

- stores energy - provides insulation

Question 46

which layer is a common site of injection?

Answer 46

hypodermis - using hypodermic needles

Question 47

what layer does first-degree burn?

Answer 47

superficial - outer layer of epidermis

Question 48

red/pink, dry, painful and no blisters are signs of which type of burn?

Answer 48

first-degree

Question 49

skin remains a water and bacterial layer if which burn-degree happened?

Answer 49

first

Question 50

takes how long for first degree burn to heal?

Answer 50

3-10 days

Question 51

which layer is being affected in second degree burn?

Answer 51

epidermis + varying amount of dermis

Question 52

signs of second degree burn are?

Answer 52

painful, moist, red and blistered

Question 53

how long it takes to heal second degree burn?

Answer 53

1-2 weeks with good dressings

Question 54

what are the further symptoms if you get deep second degree burn?

Answer 54

may include whiteish waxy looking areas hair follicles and sweat glands may remain intact may have some loss of sensation and scarring

Question 55

which burn degree has a full thickness burns? what does that mean?

Answer 55

third-degree burn subcutaneous tissue (may inivolve muscle and bone) burn

Question 56

varied colour from waxy white through to deep red and black is sign of which burn degree?

Answer 56

third-degree

Question 57

what happens to skin with third-degree burn?

Answer 57

hard, dry, leathery

Question 58

why can't we feel pain in third-degree burn areas?

Answer 58

sensory nerve endings are destroyed

Question 59

third degree burn complications?

Answer 59

may required skin grafting weeks to regenerate and scarring