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The Treatment and Prevention of Infection > Overview antimicrobials > Flashcards

Overview antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between cocci and bacilli

A

Cocci: spherical

Bacilli: rod-shaped

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2
Q

Difference between staph and strept

A

Staph: clusters

Strept: chains

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3
Q

Differential diagnosis examples of staphylococci based on coagulase

A

Positive: S. aureus

Negative: S. epidermis

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4
Q

Differential diagnosis examples of streptococci based on haemolysis

A

A-haemolytic: Pneumococcus

B-haemolytic: Group A strep

Non-haemolytic: enterococcus

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5
Q

Staphylococci and streptococci are gram…

A

Positive cocci

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6
Q

Listeria, Cornynebacterium and Clostridium (AnO2) are gram…

A

Positive Bacilli

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7
Q

Examples of gram negative cocci

A
  • N. meningitidis
  • N. gonorrhoea
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8
Q

Examples of gram negative bacilli

A
  • Bacteroides
  • Pseudomona
  • Haemophilus
  • Enterobacteriaceae
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9
Q

Examples of enterobacteriaceae

A
  • E.coli
  • Kebsiella
  • Enterobacter
  • Proteus
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10
Q

Examples of atypical bacteria

A

Mycoplasma

Chlamydia

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11
Q

Plasmodium spp. can be stained with

A

aniline dyes

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12
Q

Arsphenamine killed…

A

spirochaetes

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13
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Beta lactams (penicillins, cephalosporin, carbapenems) Glycopeptides (e.g. vancomycin, Teicoplanin)

Bacitracin, fosfomycin, isoniazid)

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14
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Macrolides (e.g. erythromycin & clarithromycin) Aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin, amikacin)

Tetracyclines (Doxycycline, tigecycline)

(Lincosamides, rifamycins, mupirocin, linezolid)

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15
Q

Antibiotics that interfer with DNA synthesis and replication

A

Nucleotide synth:

  • Sulphanoamides (e.g. suplamethoxazole)
  • Diaminopyrimidines (e.g. trimethoprim)

DNA gyrase inhibition:

  • Quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
  • Nitroimidazoles (e.g. metronidazole)
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16
Q

Antibiotics that disrupt cell membrane

A

Polymixins (e.g. colistin)

Lipopeptides (e.g. daptomycin)

17
Q

Penicillin structure

A

Ring of: 3C, 1N, 1S

ONE modifiable residue.

Pen V better oral absorption than Pen G

  • Flucloxacillin - better agains Staphyolococci
18
Q

Cephalosporin structure

A

A beta-lactam Ring of: 4C, 1N, 1S

TWO modifiable residues

Cefalexin: absorbed orally

Ceftazidime: active against pseudomonas

19
Q

Carbapenems

A

A beta-lactam Ring of: 4C, 1N

THREE modifiable residues

Ertapenem: long halflife

Meropenem: very broad spectrum

20
Q

Beta lactams, mode of action:

A

β-lactam antibiotics are bacteriocidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms,

21
Q

Function and examples of Beta lactamase inhibitors

A

B-lactamase produced by many bacteria Hydrolysis of B-lactam ring results in inactivation. inhibitors like cavulanic acid have a B-lactam ring; binds lactamases andstops destruction of AB. Co-amoxiclav

22
Q

Glycopeptides, mode of action:

A

Vancomycin (IV) and teicoplanin (IV/IM) are most commonly used

Broad gram positive spectrum:

  • MRSA, Coagulase negative Staphylococci
  • Penicillin resistant Enterococci and Streptococci -

Clostridium difficile (PO Vanc.)

23
Q

Macrolides structure and example

A

Protein synthesis

Large ring forms core e.g. clarithromycin: CA-pneumonia, Legionalle, Mycoplasma

24
Q

Tetracycline structure and example

A

Four ringed structure, avoid in pregnancy and children(teeth) Doxycycline: oral and longacting

TIgecycline: glycylcycline with very broad spectrum

25
Q

Aminoglycosides structure and example

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

  • Three rings linked via oxygen residues
  • Narrow therapeutic window (toxicity)

Gentamicin – single doses for sepsis

Tobramycin – anti-pseudomonal in Cystic Fibrosis

26
Q

Locations at which protein synthesis is inhibited

A
27
Q

Macrolides function and example

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors (early)

Sulphamethoxazole: combined with Trimethoprim to form ‘Co-trimoxazole’.

  • Toxicity a concern.
  • Used to treat/prevent PCP.
28
Q

Diaminopyrimidines function and example

A

Folate synthesis inhibitors (late)

Avoid in first trimester of pregnancy

Trimethoprim

  • Commonly used to treat urinary tract infections. Considered to be ‘bacteriostatic’.
29
Q

Quinolones function and example

A

Addition of fluorine atom

  • fluoroquinolones Stops DNA unwinding before replication

Ciprofloxacin

  • versatile antibiotic
  • Concerns: MRSA and C. difficile CNS and musculoskeletal
30
Q

Considerations in treating fungal infections

A

Fungi are eukaryotes – fungal cells share more in common with human cells than bacteria Grouped as yeasts, molds and dimorphic Lead to mycosis

31
Q

Exxamples of antifungal drugs

A

Azoles: - triazoles (fluconazole)

Imidazoles (clotrimazole)

Polyenes - amphotericin B - nystatin

Echinocandins - Caspofungin - Micafungin

31
Q

Exxamples of antifungal drugs

A

Azoles: - triazoles (fluconazole)

Imidazoles (clotrimazole)

Polyenes - amphotericin B - nystatin

Echinocandins- Caspofungin Micafungin

32
Q

Triazole structure, function and example

A

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis, essential for fungal cell membranes

Triazole rings have 3 nitrogens, 2 carbons

Fluconazole: Broad spectrum including dermatophytes, Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp.

33
Q

Polyenes structure, function and example

A

Binds ergosterol in fungal cell membranes

Macrocyclic with C to C double bonds

Amphotericin B – Given IV will treat most systemic mycoses. AmBisome is liposomal form to reduce toxicity.

34
Q

Echinocandins structure, function and example

A

Inhibit glucan synthesis in fungal cell wall Macrocyclic with carbon tail

Caspofungin – Effective for systemic mycoses but less toxic than Amph. B. Only given intravenously.

35
Q

Sites of antifungal action

A

Pic

The Treatment and Prevention of Infection (18 decks)

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