Overview CE Flashcards
(28 cards)
How many hallmarks of cancer are there?
10
What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer?
Evading growth syppressors Avoiding immune desturction Enabling replicative immortality Tumour-promoting inflammation Activating invasion and metastasis Inducing angiogenesis Genome instability and mutation Resisting cell death Deregulating cellular energetcs Sustaining proliferative signalling
What changes occur to cells when they become malignant?
Round up, change morphology No longer aligned and flat Pile up on eachother High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio Less definition
What is contact inhibition?
When cells touch eachother they stop growing
How many tumour types can we recognise?
> 200
What is the name for cancer cells arising from epithelial cells?
Carcinomas
What is the name for cancer cells arising from glandular tissue (breast)?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the name for cancer cells arising from connective tissue and muscle?
Sarcomas
What is the name for cancer cells arising from the blood cells?
Leukaemias
How many mutations do you need in the growth and survival pathways to become malignant?
At least 3, usually 3-7
Why is cancer generally a disease of the ‘older age’?
It takes time to accumulate mutations
How long can it take for residual cancer cells to grow?
5 years
Do proto-oncogenes become oncogenes from gain of function or loss of function?
Gain of function
What are the 3 ways oncogenes can gain mutations?
Point mutation
Gene amplification
Chromosomal amplification
What type of cancer is caused by gene amplification?
HER2+ breast cancer
What is an oncogene?
A gene which encodes a protein able to transform cells
What are tumour suppressor genes?
Genes which restrain cell growth, promote cell death and promote DNA repair
Do tumour suppressor genes cause cancer by gain of function or loss of function?
Loss of function
Are tumour suppressor genes dominant or recessive?
Recessive-both copies must be lost
What does UV radiation do?
Damages DNA and DNA repair enzymes so it cannot mend DNA and accumulates in cells
what phase does copying of DNA take place?
S phase
What phase does checking of the DNA take place?
G phase
What is the theory for using radiation to treat cancer?
Damages the cell so much that it will trigger apoptosis
How many people will get cancer?
1 in 2
