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Intro to Med > Overview of CVS > Flashcards

Overview of CVS Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system defined as?

A

The cardiovascular system is defined as the heart, blood vessels
and approximately 5 litres of blood

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2
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Random, undirected, thermal
movement of molecules

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3
Q

What is the equation used in passive diffusion?

A

Time t needed
to diffuse a net distance x
is proportional to
the square of distance
t is proportional to x^2

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4
Q

What is convection transport?

A

CONVECTION TRANSPORT
causes movement of fluids and solutes
down a pressure gradient

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5
Q

What does convection transport provide?

A

provides
in a resting healthy person
a circulating blood flow delivering
O2 transport to cells
of about 5 litres per minute

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6
Q

What does failure of heart or pressure gradient prevent?

A

Failure of heart (e.g., cardiac arrest)
or pressure gradient (e.g., sepsis)
prevents convection transport
- No O2 transport
to tissue and organs -

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7
Q

What type of circulation is the cardiovascular system and what are the parts in?

A

Cardiovascular System is a Dual circulation
Parts are in parallel and in series

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8
Q

What are the parts in parallel in the CVS?

A

-Cardiac output is ‘split up
-Safeguard O2 supply
-Most organs are supplied this way

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9
Q

What are the parts in series in the CVS?

A

-Liver and kidneys receive ‘used’ blood
-Can be an issue for these organs if CVS is
compromised

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10
Q

What type of system is the CVS?

A

The CVS is a closed system

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11
Q

What happens in the CVS in a closed system?

A

-5 l/min of blood returns to the right side of the heart (Venous circulation)
-5 l/min of blood is ejected by the right side of the heart to lungs and
-5 l/min of blood returns to left side of heart (Pulmonary circulation)
-5 l/min of blood is ejected by left ventricle to the body (Systemic circulation)

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12
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of heart beats per min

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13
Q

What is stroke volume and units?

A

(SV, ml) – Volume of blood ejected from heart per beat

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14
Q

What is cardiac output and units?

A

Cardiac Output (CO, ml/min) – Volume of blood ejected from heart per min
which is the same as Blood Flow (BF, ml/min) in circulation

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15
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

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16
Q

What is blood pressure and units?

A

(mmHg) – Pressure of circulating BF on blood vessel walls

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17
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

Resistance of arterial blood vessels to BF

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18
Q

What is the equation of arterial BP?

A

Arterial BP = CO x TPR

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19
Q

What is the equation for blood flow?

A

Blood flow = Arterial BP / TPR

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20
Q

What does the left ventricle do and what does this create?

Study These Flashcards
A

Left ventricle - Ejects blood to body at high pressure
High ejection pressures create pressure difference with distance blood vessels

21
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta?

Study These Flashcards
A

Aorta (>100mmHg)

22
Q

What is the pressure in small arteries?

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A

Small arteries (30 mmHg),

23
Q

What is the pressure in large veins?

Study These Flashcards
A

Large veins (5 mmHg)

24
Q

Cardiac muscle gets no nerve input, therefore it is?

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A

Cardiac Muscle is MYOGENIC

25
What do SA nodes do?
Generates pacemaker potential
26
What do AV nodes do?
Slows conduction to allow appropriate filling of ventricles
27
What do bundle branches, purkinje fibres do?
Conduction
28
What do atria and ventricles do to electrical conduction?
Action potentials converted into contraction
29
What are the steps involved in electrical conduction leading to contraction?
(1) Electrical activity generated in SA node (non-contractile tissue) spreads out into atria to produce (2) contraction Electrical activity enters AV node (non- contractile tissue), which delays conduction before stimulating ventricles - allows ventricles to fill proper from atrial contraction - (3) Excitation conducts rapidly through bundle of His into ventricles (4) Excitation through purkinje fibres is conducted throughout the ventricles producing contraction
30
Where does ventricular excitation and contraction begin and spread to?
Ventricular excitation and contraction begins at the apex then spreads to base of heart
31
What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output = volume of blood ejected from ventricles per minute
32
What 4 things control cardiac output?
1. Filling pressure 2. sympathetic/parasympathetic autonomic nerves 3. Chemical factors-hormones(adrenaline) 4. Afterload
33
What may affect filling pressure?
e.g., Hypovolemia i.v. fluids given Increases venous return and SV/CO Maintains blood pressure and flow
34
What may affect sympathetic/parasympathetic autonomic nerves?
e.g., Exercise Increase in sympathetic NS (release of noradrenaline and adrenaline) Increase in HR and SV Increasing CO to > 20 l/min
35
What may affect afterload?
e.g., Hypertension High arterial BP opposes ejection of blood Can lead to reduced SV and heart failure
36
What is the equation for blood velocity?
Blood velocity = blood flow(cm^3/s)/ cross sectional area(cm^2)(number x pi*r^2 per vessel)
37
What do arterioles determine and set?
Arterioles determine TPR and set arterial blood pressure upstream
38
Why is the pulmonary system low pressure?
low pressure system (allows gaseous exchange to occur)
39
What is the equation for blood flow?
Blood flow = Arterial BP / TPR
40
What does a decrease in cardiac output lead to?
Decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia) e.g., haemorrhage or dehydration Will reduce BP and produce poor blood flow to tissues
41
What does increased TPR lead to?
Excessive arteriole constriction will ‘switch off’ blood flow to tissues Associated with increase arterial BP upstream of constriction e.g., in hypertension
42
What is the equation for BP?
BP=CO*TPR
43
What are the 4 main functional groups that blood vessels form?
1.Elastic vessels 2.Resistance vessels 3.Capacitance vessels 4. Exchange vessels
44
What do elastic vessels do?
Accommodate stroke volume Convert intermittent ejection into continuous flow
45
What do resistance vessels do?
Control arterial BP Control local blood flow
46
What do capacitance vessels do?
Control filling pressure Reservoir of blood
47
What do exchange vessels do?
Nutrient delivery to cells Tissue water & lymph formation Removal of metabolic waste
48
Where is most of the distribution of blood volume?
Large veins, small veins and venules make up 65%

Intro to Med (46 decks)

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