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Biochem exam 2 > Overview of Hemostatic Systems > Flashcards

Overview of Hemostatic Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

hemostatic system

A

system designed to keep an individual from bleeding

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2
Q

3 main stages of the hemostatic system

A
  1. vasoconstriction of blood vessels
  2. formation of a platelet plug
  3. blood clotting which reinforces the platelet plug with a fibrin mesh
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3
Q

how is blood maintained in a fluid state?

A

balance b/w procoagulant and anticoagulant forces

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4
Q

what does the endocrine mechanism do? (in relation to hemostasis)

A

increases blood volume following a tissue injury

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5
Q

what does the neural mechanism do? (in relation to hemostasis)

A

increases cardiac output and increases blood pressure following a tissue injury

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6
Q

tissue injury leads to…

A

decreased blood pressure and blood volume

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7
Q

vasoconstriction

A

contraction of smooth muscle cells of vessel walls to restrict the loss/flow of blood at site of injury

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8
Q

what triggers the reflexive contraction of vascular smooth muscle?

A

sympathetic nerves

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9
Q

serotonin

A

made and released by platelets and at NMJs

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10
Q

2 actions of serotonin

A
  1. direct action as vasoconstrictor when present in high concentrations @ sites of injury
  2. indirectly, can act as a vasodilator when stimulates nitric oxide release
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11
Q

endothelin-1

A

made and released by damaged endothelial cells

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12
Q

what happens when endothelin-1 is overexpressed?

A

can contribute to high BP and heart disease

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13
Q

histamine

A

binds to 1 of 4 different histamine G-protein coupled receptors

located in GI, uterus, lung, and vascular smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

histamine actions

A

causes vasodilation of vasculature
causes vasoconstriction of alveolar airways

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15
Q

prostacyclin (PGI2)

A

a prostaglandin or eicosanoid

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16
Q

prostacyclin (PGI2) actions

A

inhibits platelet activation
vasodilator
-cause more blood flow

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17
Q

thromboxane A2

A

made and released by activated platelets and endothelial cells
a prostaglandin

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18
Q

thromboxane A2 actions

A

stimulates activation of new platelets & increases platelet aggregation
vasoconstrictor

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19
Q

thromboxane A2 half-life

A

30 sec- SUPER SHORT
limits action to near site of an injury

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20
Q

drugs should be undetectable after how many half-lives?

A

5

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21
Q

constrictor influences do what?

A

increase vascular tone

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22
Q

dilator influences do what?

A

decrease vascular tone

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23
Q

vascular tone should be…

A

balanced

do not want vascular tone changing all the time

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24
Q

what happens if you have chronically low blood volume?

A

body adjusts- constricts more to keep the blood pressure in normal range

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25
cell stressors facilitate the formation of...
prostaglandins
26
prostaglandin formation
1. constitutive and inducive enzymes produce prostaglandin through PGH2 2. cell-specific isomers are formed 3. cell-specific isomers will act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors depending on where you are in the body
27
where is blood made?
bone marrow
28
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell can become....
any of the blood cells needed by the body
29
what forms platelets?
megakaryocytes
30
macrophage function
phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms & antigen presentation
31
macrophage
-present in almost all tissues -mature form of monocytes -orchestrate immune responses & help induce inflammation
32
neutrophils function
phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
33
neutrophils
-primary cells recruited into site of acute inflammation
34
mast cells function
release of granules containing histamine and active agents
35
what is histamine derived from?
histadine
36
erythropoiesis
production of erythrocytes
37
stem cell for production of erythrocytes
hemocytoblasts
38
where does hematopoiesis take place during prenatal?
-liver -spleen -yolk sac
39
which bones are typically involved in hematopoiesis?
big bones --> more marrow
40
platelets are also called...
thrombocytes
41
are platelets true cells?
no they do not have a nucleus
42
platelets are normally kept in what state?
inactive
43
platelets are _____ with different kinds of signaling molecules
rich
44
signaling molecules contained in platelets
-coagulation factors -adhesion molecules -chemokines -regulators of growth & angiogenesis -immunological molecules
45
what is the "first responder"?
platelets
46
how quickly does a platelet plug form?
within 2-4 minutes
47
inflammation
body's process of fighting against things that harm it in an attempt to heal itself
48
too much inflammation can cause....
many problems
49
cardinal signs of inflammation
-pain -heat -redness -swelling -loss of function
50
examples of acute inflammation
-allergic reaction -burns -infection -cuts -trauma injury
51
examples of chronic inflammation
-diseases (cardiovascular, neurological, autoimmune) -cancer -rheumatoid arthritis
52
acute inflammation
generally helpful
53
chronic inflammation
generally unhelpful
54
3 major components of acute inflammation
1. vascular changes- increased blood flow (vasodilation), increased vascular permeability 2. cellular events- migration of leukocytes into the site of injury 3. mediators- derived from plasma cells and proteins
55
healing cascade
1. inflammation (48h post injury) 2. proliferation (3-10 days post injury) 3. remodeling (21 days post injury)
56
exudate
high protein >1.02
57
transudate
low protein- albumin <1.01 increased hydrostatic pressure & decreased osmotic pressure
58
pus
enriched in neutrophils
59
type I hypersensitivity disease
anaphylactic *very quick ex: allergies
60
type II hypersensitivity disease
antibody-dependent cell membrane antigens can be altered to "non-self"
61
type III hypersensitivity disease
immune complex type often cause tissue damage
62
type IV hypersensitivity disease
cell-mediated *delayed response ex: graft rejection, TB
63
most common drug that fights inflammation
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
64
NSAIDs
relieve pain & reduce swelling (inflammation) ex: aspirin, ibuprofen
65
corticosteroids
highly effective at reducing inflammation bc they are similar to cortisol (hormone produced by adrenal glands) *suppress the activity of a person's immune system

Biochem exam 2 (9 decks)

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