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overview of immune response Flashcards

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1
Q

innate immune response

A

first response. within a few hours. more broad, helps train adaptive immune response

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2
Q

adaptive immune response

A

immunological memory. reacts much later than innate. very specific for certain pathogens. makes antibodies

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3
Q

why are there more cell types for innate immune response

A

because each type attacks a different type of pathogen

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4
Q

adaptive immune response cells

A

b cells and t cells(natural killer t cells and lymphocytes are both)

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5
Q

after birth _____ occur in the bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

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6
Q

three types of cells made from hematopoiesis

A

platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells (myeloid and lymphoid)

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7
Q

types of granulocytes (innate)

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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8
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant leukocyte, 1st responders

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9
Q

basophils

A

for inflammation and allergic response

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10
Q

eosinophils

A

compare parasitic infections and allergic response

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11
Q

types of phagocytes (myeloid lineage)

A

monocytes
macrophages
conventional dendritic cells

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12
Q

monocyte

A

phagocytosis, differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells when they enter tissues

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13
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that reside in all tissues. clear away debris. antigen presenting cells

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14
Q

dendritic cells

A

similar to macrophages can activate naive t cells. good at antigen processing

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15
Q

Mast cells

A

(not a granulocyte) involved in defense against parasitic worms and allergic response

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16
Q

lymphoid lineage cells

A

t lymphocytes*
b lymphocytes*
natural killer cells
*- invovoled in adaptive immune response and are antigen specific

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17
Q

t lymphocytes

A

cytotoxic (CD8), helper (CD4) and suppressor/regulatory

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18
Q

b lympohcytes

A

differentiate into plasma cells . antibody production

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19
Q

natural killer cells

A

involved in innate immune response, not antigen specific.

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20
Q

antigen (Ag)

A

molecule capable of inducing an immune response

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21
Q

antibody (Ab)/ immunoglobulin

A

protective protein made by B cells that recognize 1 specific antigen

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22
Q

how does the cell secrete signaling molecules

A

cytokines and chemokines- movement towards a source

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23
Q

most activation of receptors are

A

external

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24
Q

the cytoplasmic domains gets

A

signally cascade going

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25
steps in cell signaling
1. ligand binds to a receptor and intracellular domains aggregate 2. phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinases 3. protein tyrosine kinases initiate a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events leading to
26
protein tyrosine kinases can initiate events that lead to
1. release of cellular mediators (Ca2) 2. actin rearragenment 3. transcriptional activation leading to production of target proteins
27
cytokines
group of secreted proteins that are involved in regulating the innate and adaptive immune response
28
3 different organizations of lymphoid tissue
1. follicle (organized clusters) 2. patch (many follicles grouped) 3. organ ( groups of follicles that are encapsulated)
29
primary lymphoid tissue vs secondary lymphoid tissue
primary- thalamus and bone marrow | secondary- everything else (lymph nodes, spleen MALT tissue and SALT)
30
the thymus is involved in
t cell differenation and maturation
31
types of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
NALT (nasopharynx) BALT (bronchial) GALT (gut)
32
lymph
fluid collected from interstitial fluid that empties into lymphatic vessels (10%of fluid that wasn't reabsorbed in the veins)
33
lymph arrives to the organ via the _____ and exits the organ via the ______
afferent lymphatic vessel; efferent lymphatic vessel
34
can find lymphoid follicles (B Cell)
in smaller vessels of arterioles
35
what happens during an infection
antigens are presented to all t cells in an organ. if this t cell is for the specific antigen it becomes activated. if not then it continues to travel to other lymph organs to find the correct t cell for the antigen
36
innate immunity can be triggered by
infectious or non infectious materials
37
types of innate mechanisms
inducible vs non0inducilbe
38
examples of non-inducible
physical: skin, mucus, commensal bacteria or Chemical: lysozyme (tears_ and antimicrobial peptides (alpha and beta defense's and cathelicidin)
39
what do antimicrobial peptides do
create holes in bacterial membranes and help maintain mucus levels
40
examples of inducible
(must be turned on) innate immune cells: neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, NKC neutralizing antibodies: secretory IgA
41
most importnatn non inducible barrier
skin and GI covering
42
how do we activate innate immune cells
they can recognize non self cells and danger signals through the recognition of certain PATTERNS and they look for damage to the body
43
PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) for bacterial cells
lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycans, CpG DNA, and flaggelin
44
PAMPs for virus
double stranded RNA and single stranded RNA
45
PAMPs for fungi
chitin and zymosan
46
DAMPs
damage- associated molecular patterns
47
examples of DAMPs
1. complement products (C3b, C4b) 2. reactive oxygen intermediates (h2O2, OH< O2-) 3. stress induced molecules (heat shock proteins, hyaluronic acid fragments, chaperone proteins) 4. metabolic products- ATP, potassium, uric acid, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids) 5. nucleic acids (mRNA histones) 6. exogenous substances (alum, silica, asbestos)
48
why are metabolic products and nucleic acids considered DAMPs
because they shouldn't be found on the outside of the cells so this tigers immune response
49
Pattern recognition receptors can be ____ or ____
cel- associated or unassociated with cell
50
toll like receptors
TLR are membrane bound pattern receptors . highly expressed in dendritic cells, monocytes, neutrophils
51
TLR2
bacterial peptidoglycans
52
TLR4
LPS (lipopolysacchrides)
53
TLR5
bacterial flagellin
54
TLR7 and 8
ssRNA
55
activation of TLR leads to
1. DC maturation 2. Stimulation of antigen presentation 3. phagocytosis 4. Cellular activation 5. Production of pro inflammatory cytokines/chemokines
56
NOD-like receptors NLRs
regonzie both PAMP and DAMP | free cytoplasmic receptors . this activation can also lead to apoptosis
57
inflammasomes
large complexes of NLRs. leads to caspase 1 activation
58
toll-like receptors and ______ often work together
NOD-like receptors
59
RIG receptors
retinoid acid inducible gene-1 receptors. - cytoplasmic receptors - recognize VIRAL RN
60
activation of RIG receptors leads to
production of antiviral proteins (interferon alpha and beta)
61
CLRs
c-type lectin receptors
62
lectin
proteins that bind to carbohydrates . pathogens often use them to bind to a target cell
63
CLRs recognize carbohydrate based ____?
DAMPs and PAMPs
64
what are group I and II of CLRs
group I- mannose- HIV, m. tuberculosis dengue fever | group II- asialoglycoprotein- bacteria, yeast, ticks, viruses
65
scavenger receptors
bind to lipids, can be from host or foreign
66
Collectins
collagen domain fused to a lectin domain. upon biding their ligand they can activate complement, do phagocytosis, agglutination
67
where are collectins found
in the blood
68
complement activation (C3)
serum based mechanism to destroy pathogens no cells involved just 30 proteins
69
what happens during complement activation
pathogen destruction, pathogen opsonization(aids phagocytosis), clearance of immune complexes (Ab-Ag), creation of peptides to help inflammation
70
3 ways to activate complement
classical pathway (antibodies), lectin pathway(mannose binding lectin), or alternative pathway(microbe) . all lead to LYSIS OF MICROBE
71
other roles for C3b
solubilization of immune complies and virus neutralization
72
macropinocytosis
engulfment of unwanted fluid and macromolecules; creates macropinosome
73
clathrin-mediated endocytosis
receptor mediated macropinocytosis; created clathrin-coated vesicles
74
ways of killing microbes during phagocytosis
ROS, NO and lysosomal enzymes
75
inflammation
necessary process to eliminate foreign substances and repair damaged tissue

Microbiology (7 decks)

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