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Module 8 > Overview of Spinal Cord Segments & Nerve Roots > Flashcards

Overview of Spinal Cord Segments & Nerve Roots Flashcards

1
Q

what are afferent nerves

A

neurons + pathways they form that convey sensory info to spinal cord and ultimately the brain

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2
Q

what are efferent nerves

A

the neurons and pathways they form that convey the motor stimulus to the muscles

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3
Q

what are fasciculi

A

nerve bundles forming functional tracts that have common origins and destinations

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4
Q

what is funiculus

A

each of the three regions which the spinal cord white matter is divided by the points of penetration of the dorsal and ventral nerve roots axons on each side of a segment (dorsal, lateral and ventral)

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5
Q

what is a tract

A

collection of nerve fibres (nerve bundle) within the funiculi with the same function that originate together and terminate together and don’t synapse en route

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6
Q

what are the spinal cord divisions

A

from C1-5

C6-T2

T3-L3

L4-S3

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7
Q

where are the two thickenings of the spinal cord

A

C6-T2 and L4-S3

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8
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A

caudal elongation of the spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the filum terminale

A

thin cord of ependymal and glial cells

tethers end of spinal cord to coccygeal (caudal) vertebrae

suspends the cord in the vertebral canal

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10
Q

what is the spinal cord formed by

A
  1. neurons + their axons
  2. neuroglia: supporting cells of the CNS (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells)
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11
Q

what is the area where there is CSF in the spinal cord

A

central canal

lined by ependymal cells

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12
Q

what is the spinal cord wrapped in

A

meninges

3 layers of CT

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of CT on the spinal cord

A
  1. dura matter
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. pia matter
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14
Q

what are the structures shown

A
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15
Q

how many segements are there in the dog and cat spinal cord

A

36 segments

8 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, 5 caudal

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16
Q

what does each spinal cord segment contain (3)

A

1 dorsal root & 1 ventral root

  1. away from cord –> dorsal and ventral root unite spinal nerve
  2. closer to cord –> each root divides into rootlets
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17
Q

what structures are shown here

A
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18
Q

what do dorsal roots do

A

afferent axons enter cord with sensory info

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19
Q

what do ventral root nerves do

A

efferent axons exit spinal cord with motor info

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20
Q

where are the cell bodies of spinal ganglion

A

spinal ganglion aka dorsal root ganglion –> cell bodies outside spinal cord

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21
Q

what returns sensory info the the dorsal root

A

somatic or visceral structures

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22
Q

what does the efferent axons send info to

A

muscle, gland or organ

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23
Q

how are cell bodies grouped in the ventral root

A

cell bodies grouped forming ventral horn of spinal cord

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24
Q

what are lower motor neurons

A

efferent neurons

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25
how is the grey matter organized in the cord
general somatic afferent = general proprioception = = **spinal ganglion** general visceral afferent = general visceral efferent = = **ventral horn** general somatic efferent =
26
what are the structures shwon
dorsal root spinal ganglion
27
what segment of the spinal cord is this
C3 because smaller ventral horn
28
what segment of spinal cord is this
C6-T2 --\> cervial intumescence
29
what segment of the spinal cord is this
T3-L3 smaller ventral horn
30
what segment of the spinal cord is this
L4-S3 lumbosacral intumescence
31
what are the white matter organization in the spinal cord
I: dorsal funiculus: ascending sensory tracts (proprioceptive, tactile, nociceptive) II: lateral funiculus (proprioceptive, tactile, nociceptive, thermal) + descending motor tracts (facilitating extensor mm activity) III: ventral funiculus: descending motor tracts + some ascending sensory (nociceptive --\> pain)
32
what is dura mater
dense connective tissue
33
what is the function of dura mater
adhere to periosteum on inner surface of cranial wall & floor of C1 and C2 vertebrae
34
what separates dura mater from periosteum within vertebral canal
epidural space --\> fat and bloow vessels caudally combines with filum terminale to attach to first caudal vertebra (filum of dura mater)
35
what are the structures shown
36
what are the structures shown
37
what are the structures shown
38
what is the arachnoid
delicate collagenous connective tissue
39
what is the function of the arachnoid
encloses CSF in subarachnoid space close contact with dura mater due to CSF pressure numerous fine filaments which blend with pia mater
40
what is the pia mater
thin layer of CT (thicker than arachnoid)
41
what are the inner and outer surfaces of pia mater
outer surface blends with filaments of arachnoid inner surface fused to brain and spinal cord
42
what is midway between successive spinal nerve roots
midway between successive spinal nerve roots --\> pia mater & arachnoid attach to dura mater = **denticulate ligament**
43
what are the functions of meninges
1. physical support 2. encloses CSF circulation 3. CSF production (42% in leptomeningeal capillaries)
44
what are the clinical significance of the meninges
CSF collection myelography
45
what are the diseases of meninges
1. meningitis 2. neoplasia (meningioma)
46
why is the development of spinal cord segments and vertebral column closely related
spinal nerves exit vertebral canal via intervertebral foramen **except:** C1 nerve - lateral vertebral formina of atlas spinal cord segments does not equal # of vertebrae
47
how is the spinal cord segment divided
pair of dorsal and ventral roots pair of spinal ganglia pair of spinal nerves boundaries between segments --\> midway between attachments of most caudal and most cranial rootlets of adjacent dorsal roots
48
where is the brachial plexus located
C6-T2
49
where is the suprascapular nerve and what does it innervate
(C5), 6, 7 innervates supraspinatus muscle infraspinatus muscle
50
where is the subscapular nerve and what does it innervate
C6, 7 innervates subscapularis muscle
51
where is the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it innervate
C6, 7, 8 biceps brachii brachialis coracobrachialis
52
where is the axillary nerve and what does it innervate
C6, 7, 8 deltoideus teres major teres minor (subscapularis)
53
where is the radial nerve and what does it innervate
C7, 8 T1 (2) triceps brachii extensor carpi radialis ulnaris lateralis common digital extensor lateral digital extensor
54
where is the median nerve and what does it innervate
C8, T1, (2) flexor carpi radialis superficial digital flexor (deep digital flexor)
55
where is the ulnar nerve and what does it innervate
C8, T1 (2) flexor carpi ulnaris deep digital flexor
56
how is the brachial plexus function tested
1. flexor (withdrawl) reflex sensory: varies with area stimulated motor: musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar, radial 2. biceps reflex sensory & motor: musculocutaneous 3. triceps reflex sensory & motor: radial
57
where is the lumbosacral plexus located
L4-S3
58
where is the femoral nerve located and what does it innervate
femoral L4,5,6 Iliopsoas quadriceps sartorius
59
where is the obturator nerve located and what does it innervate
L4, 5, 6 external obtruator pectineus graciis adductor
60
where is the cranial gluteal nerve located and what does it innervate
L6, 7, S1 middle gluteal deep gluteal tensor fascia lata
61
where is the caudal gluteal nerve located and what does it innervate
L7, S1, 2 superficial gluteal (middle gluteal)
62
where is the sciatic nerve located and what does it innervate
L6, 7, S1, (2) biceps femoris semimembranous semitendinosus common peroneal --\> peroneus longus, lateral digital extensor, long digital extensor, cranial tibial tibial --\> gastrocnemius, popliteus, superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor
63
where is the pudendal nerve located and what does it innervate
S1, 2, 3 caudal rectal --\> external anal sphincter
64
what are the functional testing associated with lumbosacral plexus
1. flexor (withdrawal) reflex sensory & motor: sciatic nerve 2. patellar reflex sensory & motor: femoral 3. perineal reflex: sensory & motor: pudendal

Module 8 (43 decks)

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