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Week 4 Self Directed and following weeks > Overview of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Overview of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main definition/function of the cardiovascular system?

A

-The cardiovascular system is defined as the heart, blood vessels and approximately 5 litres of blood.

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2
Q

What are some of the general functions of the CVS?

A
  • Transport of 02 and substrates to cells (e.g. glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)
  • Transport of C02 and and metabolites from cells for excretion (e.g. lungs, liver, kidneys)
  • Distribution of hormones e.g. adrenaline, insulin,
  • Transport of defence mechanisms e.g. immune system,
  • Thermoregulation- chemical reactions need correct temperature.
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3
Q

Passive diffusion vs Convection Transport

A
  • Passive diffusion= Random, undirected, thermal movement of molecules.
  • Bulk flow using convection Transport is the movement of fluids and solutes down a pressure gradient
  • In a resting healthy person Blood flow delivering 02 transport to cells is about 5 litres per minute,
  • Failure of heart or pressure gradient (sepsis) prevents bulk flow -No 02 transport to tissue and organs.
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4
Q

The cardiovascular system is a dual circulation, parts are in parallel and in series, what is meant by this?

A
  • In parallel= Cardiac output is ‘split up Safeguard 02 supply, most organs are supplied this way,
  • In series= Liver and kidneys receive ‘used’ blood, this can be an issue is CVS is compromised
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5
Q

The Cardiovascular system is a closed system, what is happening at the same time?

A
  • What happens in one part in one part of the CVS has a major impact on the other parts,
  • In a resting healthy CVS- this is happening at the same time- keeping balance:
  • 5l/min of blood returns to the right side of the heart (Venous circulation),
  • 5l/min of blood is ejected by the right side of the heart to the lungs and,
  • 5l/min of blood returns to left side of heart (pulmonary circulation)
  • 5l/min of blood is ejected by left ventricle to the body (systemic circulation)
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6
Q

What is Venous circulation?

A

-When blood returns to the right side of the heart,

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7
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

-When blood returns to the left side of the heart

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8
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

-When blood is ejected by left ventricle to the body

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9
Q

What is Heart rate?

A

-The number of heart beats per minute.

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10
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

-Volume of blood ejected from heart per beat

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11
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

-Volume of blood ejected from heart per min which is the same as Blood flow in Circulation.

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12
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

-The pressure of circulating blood flow on blood vessel walls,

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13
Q

What is Total peripheral resistance?

A

-Resistance of blood vessels to blood flow

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14
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

A

-Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

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15
Q

How do you calculate Arterial BP?

A

-Cardiac Output X Total Peripheral Resistance

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16
Q

How do you calculate Blood flow?

A

-Arterial BP/TPR

17
Q

What type of muscle is Cardiac muscle?

A

-Myogenic.

18
Q

How does pressure difference drive blood flow?

A
  • Left Ventricle= ejects blood to body at high pressure.
  • High ejection pressures create pressure difference with distance blood vessels,
  • Aorta (>100mmHg), Small Arteries (30mmHg), Large veins (5mmHg)
19
Q

The Electrical conduction pathway of the heart and what’s involved?

A
  • SA node= Generates pacemaker potential,
  • AV node= Slows conduction to allow appropriate filling of ventricles
  • Bundle branches, purkinje fibres- conduction Atria ventricles action potentials converted into contraction
  • Rate and Rhythm of conduction pathway is shown in ECG (Electrocardiography). helps detect conditions such as heart failure.
20
Q

-Electrical-Contraction coupling through heart what is the process?

A

1) Electrical activity generated in SA node spreads out into Atria to produce contraction,
2) Electrical activity enters AV node, which delays conduction before stimulating ventricles, allows ventricles to fill proper from atrial conduction,
3) Excitation conducts rapidly through bundle of His into ventricles,
4) Excitation through purkinje fibres is conducted throughout the ventricles (producing contraction),
- Ventricular excitation and contraction begins at Apex then spreads to base of heart.

21
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

-The volume of blood ejected from ventricles per minute.

22
Q

Cardiac output distribution (rest), what percent do parts of the body receive% ?

A
  • Liver + GI =25%
  • Kidneys =20%,
  • Muscle=20%
  • Other=18%
  • Brain=13%
23
Q

Oxygen consumption (rest) what percent do parts of the body receive?

A
  • Liver and GI =30%
  • Muscles= 20%
  • Brain= 18%,
  • Other=12%
  • Kidneys=10%
  • Myocardium=10%
  • Coronary and Brain are relatively under perfused this can create potential clinical problems such as Angina or stroke.
24
Q

How do you work out Blood velocity?

A

Blood flow divided by Cross-sectional area

25
Q

Do Arteries and Arterioles transport blood too or away from the heart?

A

-They transport oxygenated blood away from the heart to other parts of the body

26
Q

Do Veins and venules transport blood too or away from the heart?

A

-They transport deoxygenated blood back too the heart.

27
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

-They are blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins of the body

28
Q

How do you work out blood pressure?

A

-Blood pressure= Cardiac output X Total peripheral resistance

29
Q

How do you work out blood flow?

A

-Blood flow=Arterial BP/ Total peripheral resistance.

30
Q

Why is blood pressure essential?

A

-An appropriate Blood pressure is essential for maintaining blood flow and oxygen transport to tissues/organs

31
Q

Blood vessels form 4 main functional groups what are these?

A
  • Elastic vessels e.g. aorta,
  • Resistance vessels e.g. arterioles,
  • Capacitance vessels e.g. venules or veins,
  • Exchange vessels e.g. capillaries
32
Q

The distribution of blood volume in vessels (5 litres), what percent do each vessel receive?

A
  • Systemic veins and venules= 65%
  • Arteries= 10%
  • Heart=10%
  • Lungs =10%
  • Capillaries=5%

Week 4 Self Directed and following weeks (6 decks)

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