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MIMM 214 > Overview of the immune system > Flashcards

Overview of the immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

What types of molecules can be antigens?


A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Organic chemicals
Drugs

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2
Q

What is an epitope?


A

The specific portion of an antigen recognized by a receptor

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3
Q

What is an antigen ?

A

A specific molecule that triggers an immune response

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4
Q

How do receptors on the cell surface function?

A

They allow cytokines and chemokines to bind to target cells
They also allow interaction between cells

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5
Q

What are chemokines ?

A

A subset of cytokines that recruit specific cells

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6
Q

What are cytokines ?

A

Messenger proteins secreted by certain cells

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7
Q

What are key types of molecules in the immune system?

A

Secreted proteins
Receptors on cell surface
Intracellular signaling molecules
Antigens

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8
Q

How do innate and adaptive immunity work together?

A

THROUGH DENDRITIC CELLS
Innate immunity activates signal molecules, which stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses

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9
Q

What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?

A

Detect infection and activate adaptive immune response

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10
Q

What is the T cell receptor (TCR) used for?

A

Membrane bound recognition of antigens

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11
Q

What is the B cell receptor (BCR) used for?

A

Binding to antigens
Can also be secreted as antibodies

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12
Q

How do T and B cells contribute to immunity?

A

They generate highly specific responses

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13
Q

What are the three main type of cells from the common lymphoid progenitor?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells )
T lymphocytes (T cells)
NK cells (innate lymphoid cell subtype)

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14
Q

What is the role of immature dendritic cells ?

A

Capture antigen and present to T cells

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15
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Repair, destroy pathogens, present antigens

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16
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

What do basophils and mast cells respond to ?

A

Inflammation and allergies

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18
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Antiviral and anti-parasitic activity

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19
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Direct harm to pathogens

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20
Q

What are granulocytes specialized for?

A

Direct harm to pathogens

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21
Q

What is the function of red blood cells ?

A

Carrying O2 to cells and tissues

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22
Q

What do dendritic cells originate from?

A

Both lymphoid and myeloid lineages

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23
Q

What are the two main lineages of immune cells?

A

Lymphoid: B cells, T cells, NK cells
Myeloid: Most other leucocytes

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24
Q

What do multipotent stem cells generate?

A

various cell types in a family of related cells

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25
What type of stem cells generate almost every specialized cell type ?
Pluripotent stem cells
26
What is hematpoiesis?
The process of HSCs differentiating into mature blood cells
27
Where do immune cells originate?
In the bone marrow
28
What are immune cells generically known as ?
Leucocytes or white blood cells
29
How are secondary lymphoid organs connected?
Via blood and lymphatic circulatory systems
30
What is the function of secondary lymphoid organs?
To activate immune cells
31
What are the primary lymphoid organs ?
Bone marrow and thymus
32
What is the function of organs and tissues in the immune system?
work together to protect from infection Include bone marrow, thymus, lymphatics, lymph nodes
33
What is the role of adaptive immunity ?
To provide highly diverse and specific responses
34
what is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Innate immunity
35
What are the two interconnected systems used by the immune system ?
Innate immunity: First line of defense, fast, non-specific Adaptive immunity: Highly diverse and specific
36
What can an immune response result in?
Life-long immunity
37
What is a major difference between intracellular and extracellular pathogens?
They are processed differently and generate different responses
38
What are the different types of immune responses required for pathogens?

Different pathogens require different immune responses Intracellular pathogens (e.g., viruses) Extracellular pathogens (e.g., bacteria)
39
How many major categories do pathogens fall into?

Four major categories - Bacteria -Viruses -Fungi -Parasites
40
How does innate immunity respond to pathogens ?
Fast, but nonspecific response
41
What type of receptors does innate immunity use to detect pathogens?
Receptors encoded in the germline
42
How many receptors are there in innate immunity ?
There is a limited number of receptors
43
Are the receptors in innate immunity changing or unchanging ?
They are unchanging
44
What are the key cell types in innate immunity?
Phagocytic cells like macrophages
45
What is one action of innate immunity ?
Induces local inflammation
46
How does the response to response to repeated infections differ in innate immunity?
It is the same each time
47
What are the major components of innate immunity?
Barriers, phagocytes, pattern recognition molecules
48
How long does it take for adaptive immunity to develop?
5-6+ days
49
What type of receptors does adaptive immunity use?
Randomly generated antigen receptors
50
How specific are the receptors in adaptive immunity?
Highly specific to individual molecules
51
What are the key cell type in adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes- B and T cells
52
What is one action of adaptive immunity?
Responsible for specific immune responses
53
How does the response to repeated infections differ in adaptive immunity?
More rapid and effective with each exposure
54
What are the major components of adaptive immunity?
T and B lymphocytes and antibodies
55
What do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) do?
Discriminate between self and non-self
56
What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
Common foreign structures in pathogens
57
What do macrophages express to recognize pathogens?
Several receptors
58
What happens when PRRs on macrophages are activated?
Induces effector functions like phagocytosis
59
What do inflammatory mediators like cytokines do?
Amplify the immune response
60
What are the hall marks of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
61
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
Detect pathogens and activate T cells
62
How do dendritic cells link innate and adaptive immunity?
Travel to lymphoid tissue to activate T cells
63
Where does T and B cells activation occur?
In the lymph node
64
What is the role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) ?
Present antigens to T cell receptors
65
How are T cells activated?
Through interaction with antigen-presenting cells
66
What determines the antigen specificity of T and B cells?
Their receptors: TCR and BCR
67
What are antibodies ?
Secreted immunoglobin molecules They are the secreted-form of B cells
68
How do antibodies function?
Bind antigens and neutralize them
69
Where do b cells arise and mature?
in the bone marrow
70
Where do T cells mature?
In the thymus
71
What is the key difference between BCR and TCR?
BCR can be secreted, TCR is membrane-bound
72
How do BCR and TCR recognize antigens?
BCR recognize natural form, TCR recognizes peptides
73
What is clonal selection?
Activation and proliferation of specific lymphocytes
74
What happens to T and B cells after activation?
They become effector cells to fight infections
75
What is humoral immunity?
Combats pathogens via antibodies
76
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Involves primarily T lymphocytes
77
How do different T cell subsets contribute to immunity?
By activating B cells and killing infected cells
78
How do antibodies contribute to adaptive immunity?
By producing specific antibodies against pathogens
79
What is immunization?
Deliberate induction of an adaptive immune response
80
What are the two types of active immunization?
Natural infection and vaccination
81
What is passive immunization?
Transfer of cells or molecules that mediate immunity

MIMM 214 (4 decks)

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