Overview of the Nervous System Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Composed of cells whose function is to receive sensory stimuli, process the stimuli (in the integration center: brain and spinal cord) and transmit them to effector organs (muscular or glandular)
A
Nervous System
2
Q
It functions to maintain homeostasis.
A
Nervous System
3
Q
Summary of Nervous System function
A
Sensory input -> Integration in the brain or spinal cord ->
Output to effector organs
4
Q
2 types of nerve cells
A
Neuron and neuroglia
5
Q
Name given to nerve cells and all its processes
A
Neurons
6
Q
Function of neurons
A
reception of stimuli and conduction of nerve impulses
7
Q
T or F: Neurons do not undergo division and replication.
A
T
8
Q
Parts of neuron
A
Cell body
Neurites/Nerve processes/Nerve fibers
9
Q
Part of neuron: consists of nucleus and organelles
A
Cell body (Soma/Perikaryon)
10
Q
afferent (entry point), shorter, receives stimuli from the environment
A
Dendrite
11
Q
2 Neurites
A
Dendrite and Axon
12
Q
efferent (exit point), longer, provides stimulation to other nerves or effector organs
A
Axon
13
Q
Gap between the myelin sheaths of the axon
A
Node of Ranvier
14
Q
Insulating coat made up of phospholipids, speeds up transmission of signals through saltatory transmission
A
Myelin sheath
15
Q
Color of neuron:
- Myelinated
- Unmyelinated
A
- White
2. Gray
16
Q
The propagation of action potential along myelinated axons (by leaping) from one node of Ranvier to another.
A
Saltatory transmission
17
Q
Problem with myelin sheath (de-myelination), longer transmission of impulses
A
Multiple sclerosis
18
Q
Space/cleft in between the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another neuron; Connects one neuron from another
A
Synapse
19
Q
Neurons according to function
A
Motor
Sensory
Interneuron
20
Q
Neuron:
Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs
A
Motor
21
Q
Neuron:
Receives input from peripheral structures (skin, muscles, joints, sense organs) and transmit it to the CNS
A
Sensory
22
Q
Neuron:
Connects sensory to motor neurons
A
Interneuron
23
Q
T or F: 95% of the neurons in CNS are interneurons
A
F. 90% only
24
Q
Neurons accrdg to branching of neurites
A
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
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Neuron:
| A single process/neurite arises from the cell body, which branches into 2 axons/dendrites.
Unipolar
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Neuron:
| 2 neurites arise from each end of an elongated cell body (1 dendrite, 1 axon)
Bipolar
27
Neuron:
| Most common type in the CNS; With a number of neurites arising from the cell body (many short dendrites, 1 long axon)
Multipolar
28
Location of unipolar
Spinal and Cranial Ganglia
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Location of bipolar
Sensory cochlear
vestibular ganglia
Retinal bipolar cells
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Location of multipolar
Fiber tracts of brain
spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
motor cells of spinal cord
31
Neurons accrdg to size
Golgi Type I and Type II
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Neuron:
| Form the long fiber that extends from the cortex of the brain to spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Golgi Type I
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Location of Golgi Type I
Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex
Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex
Motor cells of the spinal cord
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Neuron:
| Short axons and short dendrites; star shaped due to dendrite spread
Golgi Type II
35
Location of Golgi Type II
cerebral and cerebellar cortices
36
Neuron:
Often inhibitory in function; Functions as interneurons, only interconnect (one part of hemisphere to another part of the same hemisphere)
Golgi Type II
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Non excitable cells, do not transmit signals; Supporting neurons
Neuroglia
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Types of Neuroglia
Astrocytes
Myelin sheath-producing cells
Microglia
Ependymal cells
39
Neuroglia:
Star-shaped due to dendrite spread; branching processes serve
as the framework for the nerve cells and fibers
Astrocytes
40
Neuroglia:
| Play an important role in the structure of the blood-brain barrier
Astrocytes
41
Neuroglia:
In the embryo, serve as scaffolding for the migration of immature
neurons
AStrocytes
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Neuroglia:
Take up excess K+ (electrolyte balance) from the extracellular
space and stores glycogen within the cytoplasm
Astrocytes
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2 types of astrocytes
Fibrous and protoplasmic
44
Astrocyte:
Provide supporting framework, electrical
insulators, limit spread of neurotransmitters, take up K+ ions
Fibrous astrocyte
45
Astrocyte:
mainly white matter; Small cell bodies, long slender processes,
smooth, not much branched
Fibrous astrocyte
46
Astrocyte:
store glycogen, with phagocytic function, take
place of dead neurons, conduit for metabolites or raw
materials, produce trophic substances
Protoplasmic astrocyte
47
Astrocyte:
mainly gray matter; small cell bodies, short thick processes, more
branched
Protoplasmic astrocyte
48
2 myelin sheath-producing cells
Oligodendrocytes
| Schwann cells
49
Form several intermodal segments of myelin on
| the same or different axon in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
50
Myelin sheath producing cells in the PNS
Schwann cells
51
Neuroglia:
Proliferate in disease and are actively phagocytic (eats
toxins, debris, dirt in CNS); In inflammatory and degenerative
lesions of the CNS, they migrate to the site of lesion
; Can be generated from WBC
Microglia
52
Neuroglia:
Scattered throughout CNS
; Smallest of the neuroglial cells, wavy branches with
spines
Microglia
53
Neuroglia:
| Assist in circulation of the CSF by the movement of the cilia; ensure proper CSF circulation
Ependymal cells
54
Neuroglia:
Line the ventricles and the central canal of spinal cord
; Single layer of cuboidal/columnar cells with microvilli and cilia
Ependymal cells
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3 types of ependyma
Ependymocytes
Tanycytes
Choroidal Epithelial Cells
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Location: line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
Structure: Cuboidal or Columnar in shape with villi and microvilli, gap junctions
Function: Circulsae CSF, absorb CSF
Ependymocytes
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Location: line the floor of the third ventricle overlying the
median eminence of hypothalamus
Structure: has long basal processes
Function: transport substances to CSF to hypophysealportal system
Tanycytes
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Location: cover the surfaces of choroid plexuses
Structure: sides and bases thrown into folds, tight junctions
Function: produce and secrete CSF
Choroidal epithelial cells
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Consists of brain and spinal cord; protected by skull and vertebral column respectively.
CNS
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composed of soma (cell body of neurons)
Gray matter
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composed of myelinated neurites, processes of soma, white due to presence of lipid material in myelin sheath.
White matter
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3 layers of meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
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Lies in the cranial cavity and continuous with Spinal cord through Foramen Magnum
Brain
64
3 Major divisions of brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
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Meninges:
1. outermost; dense, strong, fibrous
2. space which contains the CSF; resembles a spider web
3. innermost; thin, delicate vascular membrane
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
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2 structures in Forebrain
Cerebrum and Diencephalon
67
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
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A mass of white matter that connects L and R hemisphere of forebrain
Corpus collusum
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surface layer of the cerebral hemispheres, arranged into convolutions.
Cerebral cortex
70
cavity present within each hemisphere; communicates with the 3rd ventricle through the interventricular foramina.
Lateral ventricle
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Folds or convulutions of the cerebrum
Gyrus
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Fissures of the cerebrum
Sulcus
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separates frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
CEntral sulcus of Rolando
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separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Horizontal fissure of Sylvius/Lateral Sulcus
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separates the parietal and occipital lobes
Parieto-occipital fissure
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separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
Transverse fissure
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divides cerebrum into 2 hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
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Almost completely hidden from the surface of the brain; Consists of thalamus (posterior), hypothalamus (anterior
Diencephalon
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Parts of diencephalon
Thalamus and hypothalamus
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Connects the forebrain to the hind brain
Midbrain
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narrow cavity that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct
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part of midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct
Tectum
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2 swellings of tectum
superior and inferior colliculi
84
Cerebral peduncles parts
Crus cerebri
Tegmentum
Substantia Nigra
85
situated in the tegmentum of each side, color red because it is vascular
Red nucleus
86
Conical in shape, connects the pons superiorly to the spinal cord inferiorly (in the foramen magnum)
Medulla oblongata
87
Midbrain + Pons + Medulla Oblangata = ?
Brainstem
88
Parts of hindbrain
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
89
Parts of medulla oblongata:
1. posterior to pyramids
2. posterior to olives
3. 2 structures found on the posterior surface
1. Olives
2. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
3. Nucleus gracili and Nucleus cuneatus
90
"bridge” situated on anterior of cerebellum; connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Pons
91
connective tissue from the dura mater which separates the cerebellum and cerebrum
Tentorium cerebelli
92
Connections of the Cerebellum:
1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncles
3. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles
1. midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla oblongata
93
Communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma
Ventricular system
94
Ventricular system:
1. connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle
2. connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
1. Interventricular ventricle/Foramen of Monro
| 2. Aqueduct of Sylvius
95
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Cushions and protects CNS from trauma;
Provides mechanical buoyancy;
Serves as reservoir and assist in regulation of contents;
Nourishment of cells;
Removes Metabolites from CNS
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CSF
96
CSF is secreted by?
Choroid plexus
97
Roughly cylindrical in shape, located within the vertebral canal;
Begins at foramen magnum where it is continuous with the Medulla Oblongata;
Terminates in the lumbar region (L1 for adults, L3 for children)
Spinal cord
98
conical distal (inferior) end of the spinal cord
Conus medullaris
99
prolongation of pia mater from the spinal cord
Filum Terminale
100
collective term for the nerve roots below the spinal cord, resembling a horse tail
Cauda equina
101
Consists of cranial and spinal nerves and their associated ganglia; Conducts information to and from CNS
PNS
102
No. of pairs of cranial nerves
12
103
No. of pairs of spinal nerves
31
104
Spinal cord motor function
anterior spinal cord
105
spinal cord on sensory function
posterior spinal cord
106
Leave the brain and pass through foramina in the skull; Distributed in the head and neck, except cranial nerve X (extends to thorax and abdomen)
Cranial nerves
107
Made up of a mixture of motor and sensory fibers; Leave the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral column with which they are associated
Spinal nerves
108
T or F. After emerging from the intervertebral foramen, each spinal nerve immediately divides into a large anterior ramus and a smaller posterior ramus, each containing both motor and sensory fibers.
T
109
No. of nerves in:
1. Cervical vertebra
2. Thoracic vertebra
3. Lumbar vertebra
4. Sacral vertebra
5. Coccygeal vertebra
1. 8
2. 13
3. 5
4. 5
5. 1
110
They are often irregular in shape and are situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system.
Ganglia
111
Fusiform swellings situated on the posterior root of each spinal nerve just proximal to the root’s junction with a corresponding anterior root (posterior root ganglia) and are also found along the course of cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, and X (sensory ganglia of these nerves).
Sensory ganglia
112
Enumerate cranial nerves
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(I-XII)
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal accessory
Hypoglossal
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