Overview (Terminology)

Question 1

What are the anatomical planes?

Answer 1

• Sagittal (median)
• Coronal (frontal)
• Transverse (horizontal)

Question 2

Intermediate

Answer 2

Between a superficial & deep muscle

Ex: biceps muscle is intermediate between skin & humerus

Question 3

Lateral

Answer 3

Farther from median plane

Ex: Thumb is on lateral side of hand

Question 4

Medial

Answer 4

Near median plane

Ex: pinky finder is on medial side of hand

Question 5

Deep

Answer 5

Farther from surface

Ex: the humerus is deep to the arm muscles

Question 6

Superficial

Answer 6

Nearer to surface

Ex: muscles of arm are superficial to its bone

Question 7

Posterior (dorsal)

Answer 7

Nearer to back

Ex: heel is posterior to the toes

Question 8

Anterior

Answer 8

Ventral

Nearer to front

Ex: toes are anterior to ankle

Question 9

Inferior

Answer 9

Caudal

Nearer to feet

Ex: stomach is inferior to heart

Question 10

Distal

Answer 10

Farther from trunk or point of origin

Ex: wrist is distal to elbow

Question 11

Proximal

Answer 11

Nearer to trunk or point of origin

Ex: elbow is proximal to wrist

Question 12

Abduction vs. adduction

Answer 12

• Abduction - moving away from body
• Adduction - moving towards body

Question 13

Extension vs. flexion

Answer 13

• Extension - increasing body angle (ex: arms and legs moving back, angling hand up)
• Flexion - Decreasing body angle (ex: arms and legs moving forward, angling hand down)

Question 14

Pronator and pronation

Answer 14

• Muscles that help pronate
• Inward rotation

Question 15

Supinator and supination

Answer 15

• Muscles that help supinate
• Outward rotation

Question 16

Retrusion

Answer 16

Pulling jaw back

Question 17

Protrusion

Answer 17

Moving jaw forward

Question 18

Define arthrology

Answer 18

Study of joints and articulation

Question 19

Define joints. What are the 3 types

Answer 19

• Places where adjacent bones come together
• Types: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 20

Describe fibrous joints

Answer 20

• Where CT binds 2 bones together
• Very limited motion
• Motion range depends on length of fibers

Question 21

Examples of fibrous joints

Answer 21

Suture, syndesmoses, and gomphosis

Question 22

Cranial vault is an example ___ ossification

Answer 22

Intramembranous

Question 23

Cranial base is an example of ___ ossification

Answer 23

Endochondral

Question 24

Ossification types for sutures?

Answer 24

Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Question 25

Describe sutures

Answer 25

- A type of fibrous joint - Only in skull - Accommodate brain growth - Fuse in predictable pattern - Little movement

Question 26

The ___ suture typically fuses in early childhood, but may persist through adult life

Answer 26

Metopic

Question 27

___ is premature fusion of cranial sutures

Answer 27

Craniosynostosis

Question 28

Describe orofacial clefting

Answer 28

- Palate failed to fuse - Missing hard and soft palate - Most common birth malformation

Question 29

___ is overgrowth of bone

Answer 29

Osteosarcoma

Question 30

___ is water in brain. What happens with sutures?

Answer 30

hydrocephalus - Suture can't maintain growth

Question 31

Describe cartilaginous joints

Answer 31

- Cartilage binds 2 bones together - Restricted motion - Slightly more mobile than fibrous joints

Question 32

Examples of cartilaginous joints

Answer 32

Growth plate (synchrondroses - hyaline cartilage) and fibrocartilage (symphysis)

Question 33

Describe synovial joints

Answer 33

- Where bones are enveloped by a joint capsule - Highly mobile - Easy to dislocate

Question 34

What makes up synovial joints?

Answer 34

- Hyaline or fibrocartilage - Fibrous articular capsule - Synovial membrane - Synovial fluid - MAYBE articular cartilage