Overweight and underweight Flashcards
(34 cards)
Malnutrition
Deficiency or excess (imbalance) of nutrients causing adverse effects on tissue or body form and function
Undernutrition symptoms
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Tiredness
- Altered mood
- Poor concentration
- Stunted growth in children
Health effects of undernutrition
- Reduced strength
- Reduced cardiac output
- Impaired wound healing and liver function
- Decreased immunity
Who is at risk for undernutrition?
- Older people in care homes
- Chronic conditions
- Financially struggling
- Drugs, alcohol or eating disorders
Overnutrition
Energy intake > energy expenditure
Excessive accumulation of body fat
Assessing over and undernutrition
- BMI
- Waist circumference
- Weight history
Who is at risk for obesity?
- People who are inactive with an unhealthy diet
- Socioeconomic factors
- Genetics
- Health conditions e.g. PCOS
- Medications e.g. some antidepressants
Risks of obesity
- Heart disease
- Depression/anxiety
- Sleep apnoea
- Asthma
- Cancer
- Stroke
Obesity prevention and treatment - Individual
- Limit energy intake
- Increase fruit and vegetable consumption
- Regular physical activity
Societal level to tackle obesity
- Provide support
- Follow guidelines and recommendations
- Make healthy options and physical activity available
Food industry level to tackle obesity
- Reduce fat, sugar and salt content
- Ensure healthy options are available and affordable
- Responsible marketing
Sugar tax (soft drinks industry levy)
Making products with more sugar more expensive
Fad diets
- Promises rapid weight loss
- Unsustainable
- Do not involve lifestyle changes
- Based off celebrity results
Why do people follow a fad diet?
- More appealing
- Social media
Clean eating
Avoids all processed foods and only eats ‘clean’ foods
Centred around:
- ‘Proper’ nutrition
- Restrictive eating patterns
- Avoidance of certain foods
Orthorexia Nervosa
Unhealthy obsession with eating healthy foods
- Can result in malnutrition and weight loss
Clean eating pros and cons
Pros: Reduced sugar, limiting processed foods
Cons: Can lead to ON, nutritionally beneficial products may be seen as unhealthy, may lead to nutritional deficiencies
Coeliac disease
Life-long auto-immune disease where the body produces an immune response to gluten
Excess and deficiencies in GF diet
Excess: Kcal intake, simple carbs, saturated fats, lipids
Deficiencies: Zinc, calcium, iron, dietary fibre
Main eating disorders in the UK
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)
How do eating disorders develop?
Biological
- Having a close relative with an eating disorder/history of dieting
Psychological
- Perfectionism
- Body image dissatisfaction
- Anxiety/behavioural instability
Social
- Weight stigma
- Bullying
- Limiting social networks
- Historical trauma
Anorexia nervosa
Persistent restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight with an intense fear of gaining weight
Physical effects of anorexia
- Extreme weight loss
- Dizzy spells and feeling faint
- Bloated stomach, puffy face and ankles
- Poor blood circulation
- Loss of periods and sex drive
Anorexia nervosa psychological effects
- Changes in personality/mood swings
- Denial of the problem
- Distorted perception of body
