Vitamins

Question 1

1.

Summary

Answer 1

• Minor components in a diet
• Do not provide energy
• Needed in small amounts
• Vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients

Question 2

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 2

A, D, E and K

Question 3

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 3

B and C

Question 4

Fat soluble vs water soluble vitamins

Answer 4

Fat soluble can be stored in the body
Water soluble are required through daily intake

Question 5

Absorption, transport and storage of water soluble vitamins

Answer 5

A - Directly into blood
T - Travel freely
S - Freely circulate in water filled parts of the body

Question 6

Absorption, transport and storage of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 6

A - First to lymph, then blood
T - Many require protein carriers
S - Trapped in cells associated with fat

Question 7

Excretion and toxicity of water soluble vitamins

Answer 7

E - Kidneys detect and remove excess in urine
T - Won’t reach toxic levels

Question 8

Excretion and toxicity of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 8

E - Remain in fat storage sites (not easily excreted)
T - Likely to reach toxic levels when consumed in excess

Question 9

3 types of estimates for reference nutrient intake

Answer 9

• RNI - Reference nutrient intake - Protein, vitamins, minerals
• EAR - Estimated average requirements - Energy
• LRNI - Lower reference nutrient intakes - Not enough

Question 10

B1

Answer 10

Thiamin

Question 11

B1 function

Answer 11

Metabolism of CHO, alcohol and fat

Question 12

B1 sources

Answer 12

Wholewheat, pulses, nuts and oatmeal

Question 13

B1 deficiency

Answer 13

Beriberi - Chronic affects PNS, acute affects CV system
Wernicke’s encephalopathy - Causes by high alcohol mixed with little food

Question 14

B2

Answer 14

Riboflavin

Question 15

B2 function

Answer 15

Maintains oxidative process

Question 16

B2 deficiency

Answer 16

Affects mouth, eyes, skin, blood and height in children

Question 17

B2 sources

Answer 17

Milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables

Question 18

B3

Answer 18

Niacin

Question 19

B3 function

Answer 19

Component of key enzymes in metabolism

Question 20

B5 function

Answer 20

Cellular processes and fat maintenance

Question 21

B6 function

Answer 21

Enzymes used in amino acid reactions (protein metabolism)

Question 22

B9 functions

Answer 22

Involved in singe carbon transfer reactions

Question 23

B12 functions

Answer 23

Recycling of folate for nerve function

Question 24

B3 deficiency

Answer 24

Pellagra
- Diarrhoea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
- Death

Question 25

B3 sources

Answer 25

Fish, meat, liver, kidney, peanuts and pulses

Question 26

B5 deficiency

Answer 26

Apathy, irritability and lethargy

Question 27

B6 deficiency

Answer 27

Weakness, sleepiness, personality changes and dermatosis

Question 28

Forms of B9

Answer 28

Folic acid and folate

Question 29

Folic acid functions

Answer 29

Blood formation, amino acid formation and psychological functions

Question 30

B12 risk groups and deficiency

Answer 30

Vegans Interupts normal cell division, traps folate leading to a reduction in DNA synthesis which causes lack of cell division

Question 31

B12 sources

Answer 31

Meat, eggs, dairy, shellfish

Question 32

Vitamin C function

Answer 32

- Wound healing - Immune response - Antioxidant

Question 33

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 33

Scurvy, bleeding gums

Question 34

Vitamin C sources

Answer 34

Peppers, kiwi, oranges and strawberries

Question 35

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 35

A, D, E and K

Question 36

Vitamin A function

Answer 36

Growth and development, needed for low light and colour vision

Question 37

Vitamin A deficiency

Answer 37

Infertility and still borns

Question 38

Vitamin A sources

Answer 38

Broccoli, fish, meat, cheese and eggs

Question 39

Vitamin D structure

Answer 39

D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol)

Question 40

Vitamin D function

Answer 40

- Absorption of calcium - Immunity - Muscle function

Question 41

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 41

- Rickets - Osteomalacia (softening of bones)

Question 42

Vitamin D sources

Answer 42

- Sunlight - Milk - Eggs

Question 43

Vitamin E function

Answer 43

Antioxidant

Question 44

Vitamin E requirements

Answer 44

5-7mg per day

Question 45

Vitamin E sources

Answer 45

Broccoli, olive oil and almonds

Question 46

Bioavailability vs bio-accessibility

Answer 46

Availability - Amount of micronutrient which is absorbed and available Accessibility - Amount which may potentially be absorbed