Oxidation of alcohols

Question 1

what can be formed through the oxidation of alcohols

Answer 1

ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids

Question 2

what does oxidation involve

Answer 2

a change in oxidation number, in organic reactions this is an increase of C-O bonds and a simultaneous decrease in the number of C-H bonds

Question 3

what does the oxidation of primary alcohols result in

Answer 3

aledhydes and carboxylic acids

Question 4

what does the oxidation of secondary alcohols result in

Answer 4

ketones

Question 5

what does the oxidation of tertiary alcohols result in

Answer 5

nothing

Question 6

what is the first stage in the oxidation of a primary alcohol/what is required for this process to occur

Answer 6

it is oxidised by a strong acidic solution of postassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). The alcohol loses hydrogen atoms to form water with the oxygen in the dichromate ion. This acts as an oxidising agent, causing a C-O bond to form, forming the aldehyde

Question 7

what is the second stage of the oxidation of a primary alcohol/what is required for this process to occur

Answer 7

the aldehyde is further oxidised with an oxygen atom forming a hydroxyl group in the aldehyde to create a carboxylic acid acidic solution of postassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is required

Question 8

what are the conditions to maximise the production of the aldehyde instead of the carboxylic acid in the oxidation of a primary alcohol

Answer 8

limit the heat, limit the oxidising agent avaliable and remove the aldehyde as it is being produced

Question 9

what is required/what occurs in the oxidation of a secondary alcohol

Answer 9

heat and acidic solution of potassium dichromate is required (K2Cr2O7), one hydrogen is removed from the hydroxyl, the second hydrogen is removed from the carbon which the hydroxyl is bonded to, the carbonyl functional group has been formed, forming the ketone

Question 10

if you start with an alkene, the reaction can be

Answer 10

only addition

Question 11

if you start with an alkane, the reaction can be

Answer 11

only substitution

Question 12

if you start with a haloalkane, the reaction can be

Answer 12

only subtititution

Question 13

if you want to form a ketone, carboxylic acid or aldehyde

Answer 13

it must be from the oxidation of alcohols

Question 14

is you want to form an amide or ester

Answer 14

it must be from a condensation reaction

Question 15

what is required /what occurs to make an amide from a carboxylic acid

Answer 15

the carboxylic acid and ammonia is required. The OH on the carboxyl group is replaced with NH2, the other hydrogen in the ammonia bonds to the OH to form water