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Oxidative phosphorylation Flashcards

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1
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation do

A

forms ATP through transfering electrons form NADH & FADH2 to O2 by electron carriers

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2
Q

What is the electron motive force (EMF)

A

high electron trasfer potential from the electrons attached to NADH and FADH2

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3
Q

How is the EMF harnessed

A

the electron transport chain

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4
Q

How the ETC harness EMF

A

transfers protons out of the mitochondrial matrix, through the IMM, and into the intermembrane space

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5
Q

WHat does the ETC harnessing EMF create

A

electrochemical gradient and a proton motive force (PMF)

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6
Q

what is the purpose of PMF

A

used by ATP synthase to generate ATP

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7
Q

Where is the ETC located

A

IMM

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8
Q

What is the IMM impermeable to

A

small molecules and ions

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9
Q

What is permeable to small molecules and ions

A

OMM

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10
Q

Why is the OMM leaky

A

it contains many pores

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11
Q

What is considered similar to the cytosol

A

IMS

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12
Q

What does cristae do

A

the many folds that increase surface area and allow many ETCs to be present

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13
Q

How can electrons be transferred

A
  1. free electrons (ETC)
  2. H- atoms (FADH2)
  3. H- hydride ion (NADH)
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14
Q

what does the standard reductive potential (E0’) measure

A

how likely a molecule is to accept electrons

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15
Q

WHat is a higher E0’

A

higher affinity to e-

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16
Q

Complex I of ETC

A

NADH - Q oxidoreductase

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17
Q

Where does complex I accept electrons from

A

NADH (accepts 2e-)

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18
Q

How to electrons move through complex I

A

FMN –> 4Fe –> 4S -> Coenzyme Q -> reuced to QH2 (ubiquinol)

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19
Q

How many protons are pumped by complex I

A

4

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20
Q

Complex II of ETC

A

Succinate Q reductase

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21
Q

Complex II Conversions

A
  1. succinate -> fumarate
  2. FAD -> FADH2
  3. Q -> QH2
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22
Q

Where does complex II get its electrons from

A

FADH2 from Krebbs

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23
Q

What is special about complex II

A

it is not a proton pump

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24
Q

why is complex II not a proton pump

A

electrons from FADH2 do not move as many H+ as NADH across the membrane

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25
What moves e- from complex I and II to complex III
Co-enzyme Q
26
What is Co-enzyme Q also known as
Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol
27
Difference between Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol
Ubiquinone (Q) is fully oxidized Ubiquinol (QH2) is fully reduced (i.e. contains the alcohols)
28
What does Coenzyme Q contain (hint: some kind of tail)
isoprenoid tail --> repeats 10x
29
How does Ubiquinone reduce to Ubiquinol
it accepts 2e- amd 2H+
30
Complex III
Q-Cytochrome C oxidoreductase
31
what is a cytochrome
an electron transferring chain containing one or more heme group
32
how many electrons to cytochromes carry
1
33
what cytochromes does complex III contain
cyt b & cyt c
34
WHere does Complex III take electrons from
QH2
35
Complex III electron flow process
Tkaes from QH2, oxidizes back to Q, transfers electrson ONE AT A TIME to 2Fe-wS cluster, then to heme C, then to heme c in cyt c
36
what cycle does complex III take place in
Q cycle
37
What is the Q cycle
process of transfering e- from ubiquinol to cytochrome C
38
What does cytochrome b do
moves e- into a 'holding' pattern
39
What is cytochrome C
electron shuttle that contains heme c
40
Heme C
water soluble protein that carries 1e- from complex III to complex IV
41
where is cyt c
sits on surface of IMM
42
how does cytochrome C move
free --> can move from complex to complex
43
shape of cyt C
spherical
44
how many H+ does complex III pump
4 (2 from matrix, 2 from Qh2)
45
Complex IV
Cytochrome C oxidase
46
What does Cytochrome C oxidase do
carries out final reduction
47
What is the final reduction
O2 to water
48
where does the final reduction get it's e- from
cyt C
49
what 2 cytochromes does cCytochrome C oxidase contain
cyt a & cyta3
50
What copper centers does Cytochrome C oxidase contain
CuA & CuB
51
How to electrons flow through Cytochrome C oxidase
heme c -> CuA -> heme A -> hemea3/CuB
52
How many electrons are required to reduce O2 to 2H20
4
53
How many H+ are moved into the IMS by Cytochrome C oxidase
4
54
what does Cytochrome C oxidase prevent
release of partially reduced O2
55
how many protons does 2e- from NADH pump
10
56
how many protons does 1e- from FADH2 pump
6
57
What does ATP synthase do
harness the PMF created by the ETC to generate ATP
58
What are the 2 components of ATP Synathase
F1 and F0
59
WHere is F0
embedded in the IMM
60
What does F0 contain
1/2 channels that protons flow through
61
WHere is F1
extends into matrix from F0
62
What does F1 do
synthesizes ATP when coupled to the spin generated when protons flow through F0
63
What is F1 made up of
3 alpha-beta subunits arranged in a ball
64
What is in the center of the alpha-beta ball
gamma shaft
65
Does the F1 subunit rotate?
THe alpha-beta ball is stationary, but gamma subunit rotates
66
What is the property of
67
What is the property of the gamma shaft?
It is asymmetric -> so it binds to each fo the alpha-beta subunits differently
68
What are the 3 different alpha beta subunit sites
1) loose site (L) -> binds ADP + Pi 2) TIght Site (T) -> synthesize ATP 3) Opener Site (O) -> release ATP
69
How does the gamma shaft spin
F0 uses the proton gradient
70
Does each alphabeta subunit remain constant?
No -> rotates between L,T,O conformation
71
what does a 120º roation of gamma shaft result in
the release of 1 ATP into the matrix
72
What is a P:O value
number of ATP 2e- can generate
73
P:O value for NADH
2.5 ATP/NADH
74
P:O value for FADH2
1.5 ATP/FADH2
75
What is F0 composed of
subunit a and subunit c
76
F0: what is subunit c composed of
2 alpha helicies that span the membrane
77
how many subunit c's are there in F0
9-12 arrnaged into the cylinder
78
what is the key resideu in subunit c alpha helicies
asparate/aspartic acid
79
what is subunit a known as
clamp
80
what does subunit a do
covers 2 c subunits
81
What does subunit a contain
2 half channels: 1) open to intermembrane psace 2) open to matrix
82
does subunit a or c rotate?
Subunit c rotates subunit a is stationary
83
When can subunit c move into the membrane
1) if it is uncharged 2) If it is covered by subunit a (masks charge from membrane)
84
What happens when [ATP]/([ADP][Pi]) is high
low ADP, O2 consumption drops
85
What happens when [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] is low
high ADP, O2 consumption increases
86
What is acceptor control
regulation of cellular respiration by the availability of ADP as a phosphate acceptor
87
what does 2,4 dinitlophenol do
uncouples the ETC and ATP synthase by carrying H+ across the IMM, reducing the H+ gradient
88
what does uncoupling cause
The ETC speeds up, but ATP synthase remains the same -> proton gradient collaposes and ATP syntehsis will stop
89
How do electrons on NADH in the cytosol get to the ETC
1) glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle 2) Asparate malate shuttle
90
where is the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
skeletal muscle and brain
91
where is the Asparate malate shuttle
liver, kidney. cardiac myocytes
92
What are the reactions that happen in the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (in order)
1) DHAP -> Glycerol 3- phosphate (via. cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) 2) NADH -> NAD+ 3) Glycerol-3-phosphate -> DHAP (via. IMM bound Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) 4) FAD -> FADH2 5) Q -> QH2
93
what are the reactions that happen in the asparate malate shuttle (in order)
1) oxaloacetate -> malate 2) NADH -> NAD+ 3) malate/alpha-ketoglutarate translocase 4) malate -> oxaloacetate 5) NAD -> NADH 6) oxaloacetate -> asaparate + alpha ketoglutarate ( via glutamate)
94
How are ATP and ADP transported across the IMM
ATP/ADP translocate
95
How does ATP/ADP translocate work
exchanges 1ATP in the matrix for one ADP in the cytosol
96
What is ATP/ADP translocate driven by
charge gradient created by PMF
97
How is Pi transported across the IMM
phosphate translocate
98
What is phosphate translocate driven by
PMF
99
how is pyruvate tranpsorted into the matrix
pyruvate translocase

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