Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 1

Oxidative phosphorylation can be broken down into three themes:

1.

2.

3.

Answer 1

Oxidative phosphorylation can be broken down into three themes:

1. Electron Transport Chain
2. Chemiosmoosis
3. ATP synthase

Question 2

___________ and __________ which are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ___________ via oxidattive phosphorylation

Answer 2

NADH and FADH₂ which are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATPsynthase via oxidattive phosphorylation

Question 3

NAD+

1. ________ adenine dinucleotide
2. a ________ of oxidation-reduction
3. _______ a metabolite by accepting electrons, the metabolite is _______ and the NAD+ is _______
4. _______ a metabolite by giving up electrons. The NADH is _______and the metabolite is _________
5. Each NAD+ molecules is used over and over again

Answer 3

NAD+

1. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
2. a co-enzyme of oxidation-reduction
3. oxidises a metabolite by accepting electrons, the metabolite is oxidised and the NAD+ is reduced
4. Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons. The NADH is oxidised and the metabolite is reduced
5. Each NAD+ molecules is used over and over again

Question 4

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

Answer 4

In the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion- cristae

Question 5

Most of the chains components are _________ which exist in multiprotein complexes I - IV

Answer 5

Most of the chains components are proteins which exist in multiprotein complexes I - IV

Question 6

Tighly bound to the proteins of the electron transport chain are ___________ Groups (redox Centres) that participate in moving electrons.

Answer 6

Tighly bound to the proteins of the electron transport chain are prosthetic Groups (redox Centres) that participate in moving electrons.

Question 7

The________ carriers alternate between reduced and oxidised states as they accept and donate electrons

Answer 7

The electron carriers alternate between reduced and oxidised states as they accept and donate electrons

Question 8

electrons drop in _________ energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to ______ forming _______

Answer 8

electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O₂ forming H₂O

Question 9

Electron transport Chain

Complex I: ____________

Function: catalyses an NADH-CoQ reductase reaction

Conjsists of 2 electron carrying structures:

1. ____________ (FMN)
2. _____________ (Fe.S)

Answer 9

Electron transport Chain

Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase

Function: catalyses an NADH-CoQ reductase reaction

Conjsists of 2 electron carrying structures:

1. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
2. Iron Sulphur Centres (Fe.S)

Question 10

What is Flavin mononucleotides?

Answer 10

tightly bound group of NADH dehydrogenase electron carriers.

Question 11

What are prosthetic groups?

Answer 11

non-peptide, non-protein compounds that attach to proteins to allow them to carry out a function

Answer 12

Complex II: succinate dehydrogenase

• succiant-CoQ reductase (4 subunits)
• succinate dehydrogenase is also a component of complex II

Answer 13

Ubiquinone-Q: is involved with various complexes and is not a static molecule

• co-enzyme Q10 is a fat soluble vitamin like hydrophobic molecule
• only member of the ETC to not be a protein
• Mobile within the membrane via diffussion, rather then residing in a particular complex

Question 14

Compex III: ________ C oxireductase

CoQH2-___________ C reductase (11 subunits)

Answer 14

Compex III: cytochrone C oxireductase

CoQH2-cytochrome C reductase (11 subunits)

Question 15

Type IV complex: ________ oxidase

________- heme/haem proteins that undergo redox reactions

_________ oxidase (13 subunits) large transmembrane protein

Answer 15

Type IV complex: cytochrome oxidase

Cytochromes- heme/haem proteins that undergo redox reactions

cytochrom oxidase (13 subunits) large transmembrane protein

Question 16

How many complexes are there in the electron transport chain?

Answer 16

4

Question 17

How many stages of the electron transport machine are there?

Answer 17

6

Question 18

What is the first stage of the electron transport chain?

Answer 18

electrons are transferred from NADH to Flavinmononucleotide in complex 1

Question 19

What happens in the second stage of the electron transport chain?

Answer 19

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) returns to its oxidised form as it passes electrons to the iron-sulfur protein in complex I.

Question 20

What is the third stage of the ETC?

Answer 20

The fe.S protein then passes the electrons to ubiquinone (Q)

Question 21

What happens in the 4th stage of the ETC?

Answer 21

A series of sequential redox reactions through complex III- facilitates a further energy drop.

Question 22

What happens in the 5th satge of the ETC?

Answer 22

The last cytochrome in the chain in complex IV-cyta3- passes its electrons to O₂ which is very electronegative.

Question 23

What happens in the 6th stage of the ETC?

Answer 23

Each O₂ also picks up a pair of hydrogen Ions, forming H₂O

Question 24

What is the electron transport cahins function?

Answer 24

Its function is to ease the fall of electrons from food to oxygen breaking a large, free energy drop into a series of smaller steps that release energy in managable amounts

Question 25

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: referring to electrochemical concentration gradient \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass througha semipermiable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: is the movement of ions across a slectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient

Answer 25

Chemi: referring to electrochemical concentration gradient Osmosis: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass througha semipermiable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one Chemiosmosis: is the movement of ions across a slectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient

Question 26

hydrogen Ions will diffuse from an area of _______ proton concentration to an area of ______ proton concentration

Answer 26

hydrogen Ions will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of low proton concentration

Question 27

Chemiosmosis functions in conjunction with a protein complex, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Answer 27

Chemiosmosis functions in conjunction with a protein complex, ATPsynthase, which is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Answer 28

atpsynthase makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 29

Chemiosmosis: * during the ETC protons are pumped out of the matrix into the _________ space * this generates ________ motive force * This _________ gradient is used to drive synthesis of ATP

Answer 29

Chemiosmosis: * during the ETC protons are pumped out of the matrix into the innermembrane space * this generates proton motive force * This hydrogen ion gradient is used to drive synthesis of ATP

Question 30

Chemiosmosis: * certain members of the ETC accept and release \_\_\_\_\_\_\_along with electrons * The aqueous solutions inside and surrounding the cell are a ready source of _______ (protons) * At certain steps along the chain the electron transfers cause __________ to be taken up and released into the surrounding solution

Answer 30

Chemiosmosis: * certain members of the ETC accept and release protons along with electrons * The aqueous solutions inside and surrounding the cell are a ready source of H⁺ (protons) * At certain steps along the chain the electron transfers cause H⁺ to be taken up and released into the surrounding solution

Question 31

* For every electron pair transferred from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_to O₂, 10 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space * For every electron pair transferred from __________ to O₂ 6 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space.

Answer 31

* For every electron pair transferred from NADH to O₂, 10 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space * For every electron pair transferred from FADH₂ to O₂ 6 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space.

Question 32

ATPsynthase: * sometimes reffered to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * many copies populating the inner ________ membrane * The ATP synthase is a F₀F₁ complex * Enzyme, molecular motor, ion pump * works like an ion pump in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 32

ATPsynthase: * cometimes reffered to as complex V * many copies populating the inner mitochondrial membrane * The ATP synthase is a F₀F₁ complex * Enzyme, molecular motor, ion pump * works like an ion pump in reverse

Question 33

What are the 4 main parts of ATPsynthase?

Answer 33

Stator rotor Rod Catalytic knob

Question 34

What is a stator?

Answer 34

H⁺ ions flowing down their gradient enter channel in the stator which is anchored in the membrnane (ion pump function)

Question 35

What is the Rotor?

Answer 35

H⁺ ions entering binding sites in the rotor changing the shape of each subunit so that the rotor spins within the membrane (molecular motor function)

Question 36

What is the rod?

Answer 36

spinning of the rotor causes an internal rod to spin as well which extends below into the catalytic knob (molecular motor function)

Question 37

What is the catalytic knob?

Answer 37

turning rod activates catalytic sitrs in the catalytic knob that produce ATP from ADP and Pi, enzymatic function

Question 38

* In the mitochondria the energy for the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_formation comes from exergonic redox * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: chemical or metabolic process accompanied by release of energy * ___________ use chemiosmosis to generate ATP during photosynthesis

Answer 38

* In the mitochondria the energy for the gradient formation comes from exergonic redox * Exergonic: chemical or metabolic process accompanied by release of energy * Chloroplasts use chemiosmosis to generate ATP during photosynthesis

Question 39

What is the aprroxamated amount of ATP created from cellular respiration?

Answer 39

32 ATP

Question 40

Glycolysis produces: * 2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * _____ NADH * \_\_\_\_\_\_net ATP Krebs cycle produces: * ______ CO₂ * _____ ATP * ____ NADH * _____ FADH₂ Oxidative phosphorylation produces: * _______ ATP * 6 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 40

Glycolysis produces: * 2 pyruvate * 2 NADH * 2 net ATP Krebs cycle produces: * 6 CO₂ * 2 ATP * 8 NADH * 2 FADH₂ Oxidative phosphorylation produces: * 26 - 28 ATP * 6 H₂O