Oxygen Flashcards
(39 cards)
Head bobbing
Child’s head moves forward each time they take a breath
This caused by the use of neck muscles to assist in breathing
Grunting
Sound heard on expiration caused by sudden closure of the glottis in an attempt to prevent alveoli from collapsing
Nasal flaring
A compensatory symptom that increases upper airway diameter and reduces resistance and work of breathing
Retractions
Sinking in if the soft tissue that occurs when lung compliance is poor or airway resistance is high
Strider
Heard on inspiration In neck area
Caused by narrowing of upper airway
Rhochi
Continuous
Low pitched sound in larger airway
Wheezing
High pitched due to narrowed airway
Inspiration or expiration
Rales/ crackles
Intermittent, brief, repetitive sounds caused by small collapsed airway popping open
PROVIDING FAMILY EDUCATION for respiratory infection
➢Stress importance of adhering to prescribed medications
➢Handwashing
➢Teach that child may continue to tire easily over the next 1 to 2 weeks
➢Infants may continue to need small, frequent feedings
➢Cough should lessen over time
➢Pain management if necessary
➢Immunization status
ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS (COMMON COLD)
- Usually caused by rhinoviruses, influenza, parainfluenza, RSV, and adenovirus.
- Via air or by person-to-person contact
- frequently in the winter
- Higher incidence among children who attend day care or school and among those exposed to second-hand smoke.
- Spontaneously resolves after 10 to 14 days
Common cold symptoms
Fever in young children, low-grade fever in older children, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, coughing and sneezing.
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF NASOPHARYNGITIS
- ACETAMINOPHEN FOR FEVER AND DISCOMFORT
- ELEVATE HEAD
- SALINE NOSE DROPS
- COOL MIST HUMIDIFIER
What may help with nasopharyngitis
children ages 1 to 5 with upper respiratory tract infections were given up to 2 teaspoons of honey at bedtime.
The honey seemed to reduce nighttime coughing and improve sleep.
•However, due to the risk of infant botulism never give honey to a child younger than age
Otitis media (ear infection)
inflammation of the middle ear
with presence of fluid.
6 mos-2 years most common age.
Acute otitis media (AOM)
rapid onset of signs and symptoms. lasts 1 – 3 weeks.
- Viral - (most common) frequently due to blocked Eustachian tubes from edema of URI and resolves without treatment
- Bacterial causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae
- Clinical manifestations: otalgia (earache), fever may or may not be present, crying, irritability, lethargy, loss of appetite.
Acetaminophen or ibuprofen is also given to relieve pain and fever. (Antibiotic up to doctor)
OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION (OME)
fluid in middle ear space without symptoms of acute infection.
CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION- OME
lasting longer than 3 months
A referral to an ENT is needed for “Tubes in ears” (Tympanostomy tubes, also known as pressure-equalizing (PE tubes)
- To treat chronic or recurrent ear infections, non-functioning Eustachian tubes, and protect from hearing loss.
Post-operative care
-May or may not restrict water in ears
OTITIS EXTERNA (OE)-(SWIMMER’S EAR)
Infection and inflammation of the skin of the external ear canal
- Caused by bacteria (pseudomonas and staph), or fungi (Aspergillus)
- Moisture in the canal contributes to pathogen growth, and changing pH in the ear contributes to inflammation.
Administer antibiotic or antifungal eardrops. In some cases a wick is placed in the ear canal. Analgesics may be given and a warm compress for comfort.
VIRAL PHARYNGITIS / VIRAL TONSILLITIS
Is usually self-limited and does not require therapy beyond symptomatic relief
THROAT CULTURES POSITIVE FOR GROUP A STREP OR POSITIVE RAPID STREP TEST
•Antibiotics (Penicillin or Amoxicillin. Alternative antibiotics include macrolides and cephalosporins)
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF TONSILLITIS
- Viral tonsillitis treatment – symptomatic care.
- Throat cultures positive for Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci require antibiotic treatment.
- Surgery is usually Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy
- Watchful waiting for recurrent throat infections.
TONSILLECTOMY POST-OP CARE
- Pain relief: analgesics, popsicles, ice collar.
- Minimizing activities or interventions that precipitate bleeding: discourage coughing frequently, clearing throat, blowing nose.
- Observe for post-operative Hemorrhage
- Primary (not common) – within 24 hours of surgery
- Secondary - most commonly at day 5 to 10 post surgery
- Signs: frequent swallowing, or fresh blood in vomitus.
•Hospitalized children may require monitoring of oxygen saturation
CROUP
Inflammation and edema of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi; and mucous production which obstruct the airway.
3m-3y (viral infections)
Symptoms occur most often at NIGHT usually lasting 3 to 5 days.
Narrowing results in inspiratory stridor.
Edema causes hoarseness.
Inflammation causes barking cough.
URI symptoms may be present. Temperature may be normal or mildly elevated.
Complications are rare but may include respiratory distress, hypoxia, or bacterial superinfection.
CROUP diagnosis
usually diagnosed based on history and clinical presentation, but a neck radiograph may be obtained to look for the “steeple sign”
MANAGEMENT OF CROUP
- usually managed on an outpatient basis.
- Treatment is based on severity
- Hospitalization may be needed if the child has significant stridor at rest or severe retractions.
- Corticosteroids may be used to decrease inflammation.
- Advise parents about symptoms of respiratory distress.
- Teach parents to expose child to cool humidified air or a steamy bathroom
