P&W: The standard model

Question 1

Order of magnitude

Answer 1

Powers of ten used to describe and compare sizes of objects that are either very large or very small.

Question 2

Standard Model

Answer 2

A model used for classifying (sorting) fundamental particles and their interactions.

Question 3

Fermion/Matter Particle/ Fundamental particles

Answer 3

A particle that is not made up from any other particles; it is in its simplest form. The particle which makes up matter.

Question 4

Leptons:

Answer 4

A type of fundamental particle which comes under the fermion/ matter particle branch.

Leptons:
Electron
Muon
Tau
Electron neutrino
Muon Neutrino
Tau Neutrino

Question 5

Quarks

Answer 5

A type of fundamental particles which comes under the fermions/matter particles branch.

Quarks;
Up Down
Strange Charm
Top Bottom

Question 6

Antimatter particles

Answer 6

Every fundamental particles has a corrsiponding anitmatter particle. They have the same mass but opposite charge to their corresponding matter particle.

Question 7

AntiQuark

Answer 7

Since quarks are fundamental particles, they have their own anitparticles called antiqaurks. They have the same magnitude of charge as the quakr but with opposite sign.

Question 8

Hardons

Answer 8

A composite particle that is made up of quarks.

There is to type of hardons: baryons and mesons

Question 9

Baryon

Answer 9

A type of hardon that consits of 3 quarks (e.g. a proton or neuton)

Stable particles

Protons = Two up quarks and one down qaurk

Neutrons= Two down quarks and one up quark

Question 10

Mesons

Answer 10

A type of hardon that conists of 2 quarks in a quark-antiquark pair

They are unstable and have a short lifetime

Question 11

Fundamental Forces of nature

Answer 11

These are four fundamental forces of nature - the strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromangetic force and gravitional force.

Question 12

Force Mediating Particle - Bosons

Answer 12

Each force has an associated force meditating particle ( also known as a force carrier)

They are bosons (not fermions)

Question 13

Strong Nuclear Charge

Answer 13

A short range force responsible for holding protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.

Its force carrier is the GLUON.

Question 14

Weak Nuclear Charge

Answer 14

A stort range force repsonsible for radioactive beta decay

It force carriers are the W and Z bosons

Question 15

Electromagnetic force

Answer 15

An infinite range force responsible for holding electrons in their orbit around the nucleus.

Its force carrier is the Photon

Question 16

Gravitional Force

Answer 16

An infinite range force responsible for holding matter together in planets, stars and galaxies.

Its force carrier is the gravitation, thouhg this is a hypothetical particle.

Question 17

The evidence for the existence of quarks

Answer 17

The evidence of the existence of quarks comes from high energy collisions between electrons and nucleons, carried out in particle accelerators.

Question 18

The evidence of the existence of anitmatter particles

Answer 18

The production of energy when particles anhilate each other is the evidence of the anitmatter particles

Question 19

Beta Decay is the first evidence for…

Answer 19

Beta decay is the first evidence for the neutrino.