P1 BIOCHEMISTRY

Question 1

mention the 2 main types of diabetic complications

Answer 1

• macrovascular
• microvascular

Question 2

why do diabetics go through neuropathy ?

Answer 2

due to polyol pathway

Question 3

mention the 3 microvascular diabetic complications

Answer 3

– Retinopathy
– Nephropathy
– Neuropathy

Question 4

Km value of aldose reductase (high or low )

Answer 4

high Km value

Question 5

glucose affinity of aldose reductase

Answer 5

low affinity

Question 6

Glucose is converted to sorbitol by which enzyme

Answer 6

aldose reductase

Question 7

sorbitol is converted to fructose by which enzyme

Answer 7

sorbitol dehydrogenase

Question 8

mention at least 2 metabolic alterations due to hyperglycaemia

Answer 8

• oxidative stress & reduced anti-oxidant defenses
• polyol pathway
• protein kinase C activation
• non -enzymatic glycation process

Question 9

mention at least 3 sites where you can find the enzyme aldose reductase

Answer 9

• lens
• retina
• Schwann cells
• seminal vesicles / ovaries
• liver / kidney / placenta / RBCs

Question 10

sites where you can find the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase

Answer 10

• liver
• ovaries
• sperm
• seminal vesicles

Question 11

reason why even in hyperglycaemia / uncontrolled diabetes , large amount of glucose can enter the cells

Answer 11

Because in glucose entry is insulin independent

Question 12

Oxidative stress is due to excessive use of

Answer 12

NADPH

Question 13

in Oxidative stress what important antioxidant is reduced

Answer 13

glutathione

Question 14

Nitric oxide is produced from

Answer 14

L-Arginine

Question 15

NO is produced from L-Arginine by the enzyme

Answer 15

nitric oxide synthase

Question 16

Mention the 3 isoforms of NOS

Answer 16

-neuronal
- endothelial
- inducible

Question 17

blood pressure state incase of NO synthesis inhibition

Answer 17

Increased blood pressure

Question 18

Abnormal production of NO will result in

Answer 18

• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Dyslipidemia
• Obesity
• Atherosclerosis

Question 19

which B vitamins help in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters

Answer 19

B6 , B7 , B9

Question 20

which B vitamin Inhibits myelin destruction.

Answer 20

B12

Question 21

which B vitamin play a role in DNA & RBC synthesis

Answer 21

B9 and B12

Question 22

Deficiency in which B vitamin results in NTD in fetuses

Answer 22

B9 deficiency

Question 23

Deficiencies of which B vitamin is common in vegans

Answer 23

B12

Question 24

upon taking metformin , what B deficiency will you expect

Answer 24

B12 deficiency

Question 25

Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome is seen as a result ofd severe deficiency of which B vitamin

Answer 25

B1 / thaimine